茜素绿的微波无极紫外光降解及产物分析

以茜素绿为研究对象,探讨了蒽醌类染料在微波无极紫外灯光辐射下的降解行为。结果表明,茜素绿的脱色反应符合一级反应动力学规律,反应120 min后COD和TOC的去除率分别为65.79%和60.98%;采用荧光色谱仪和电子顺磁共振仪检测到降解过程中羟基自由基和超氧自由基为主要活性物种;利用红外光谱仪、离子色谱仪和电子喷雾质谱仪分析了反应过程中的中间产物;采用电喷雾等技术和离子色谱测定了茜素绿降解的中间产物,并推断了茜素绿微波紫外光降解可能的历程;采用大肠杆菌和锦鲤对溶液进行了生物毒性检测与评价,由于中间产物的产生降解溶液的毒性先升后降。     

潮汐流人工湿地对高污染河水的处理功效

为了研究潮汐流人工湿地对高污染河流污染物的去除效果及其影响因素,实验构建了潮汐流人工湿地系统。运行春夏两季以来,系统对TN、NH3-N、TP、COD和BOD5的平均去除率分别为49.14%、48.34%、79.40%、81.52%和83.39%;其中系统对TN和NH3-N的去除受到温度的影响,且温度变化对NH3-N去除效果的影响大于TN;在实验周期内,系统对TN、TP、COD和BOD5的去除均受进水污染负荷的影响,但却有着较好的抗负荷冲击能力;潮汐流人工湿地能够显著提高系统内溶解氧,使其不再成为去除污染物的限制性因素。     

中国七大流域水资源综合管理绩效动态评价

通过国内外相关文献研究与实地调研,结合流域水资源管理的社会经济发展目标,提出了流域水资源综合管理绩效评价的内涵,构建了我国七大流域水资源综合管理绩效评价指标体系与动态评价模型。并应用该模型实证分析了1999~2010年我国七大流域水资源综合管理绩效指数动态变化趋势,对水资源综合管理绩效水平优劣进行对比分析,揭示水资源综合管理绩效指数动态变化的动因。评价显示,1999~2010年,七大流域水资源综合管理绩效指数均有不同程度的提升,按提升速度排序依次为海河、黄河、松辽、太湖、珠江、长江、淮河,按相对管理绩效水平排序依次为海河、珠江、黄河、松辽、太湖、长江、淮河;研究表明,水资源综合管理绩效指数受人均用水量、综合耗水率、农业用水比例、万元工业增加值用水量、万元GDP废水排放量、水资源开发利用率的影响较大     

Determination of picogram quantities of chlortoluron in soil samples by luminol–chitosan chemiluminescence system

Based on the enhancing effect of chitosan (CS) on luminol-dissolved oxygen chemiluminescence (CL) reaction, a flow injection (FI) luminol–CS CL system was established. It was found that the increase of CL intensity was proportional to the concentrations of CS ranging from 0.7 to 10.0 μmol l^?1. In the presence of chlortoluron (CTU), the CL intensity of luminol–CS system could be obviously inhibited and the decrements of CL intensity were linearly proportional to the logarithm of CTU concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 70.0 ng ml^?1, giving the limit of detection 3.0 pg ml^?1 (3σ). At a flow rate of 2.0 ml min^?1, the whole process including sampling and washing could be accomplished within 36 s, offering a sample throughput of 100 h^?1. The proposed FI–CL method was successfully applied to the determination of CTU in soil samples with recoveries ranging from 95.0 % to 105.3 % and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 4.0 %.     

乌东德水库坝前段消落带生态类型划分及生态修复模式初探

采用GIS技术,根据高程、坡度、土壤类型等环境特征,将乌东德水库坝前段消落带分为18种生态类型,并完成了高程图、坡度图和土壤类型图,建立了环境特征和消落带类型的直观联系。然后根据不同的生态类型,提出了4种生态修复模式,并选择了10种植物作为生态修复物种。为其它水库消落带生态修复提供了参考依据。     

The response of mulberry trees after seedling hardening to summer drought in the hydro-fluctuation belt of Three Gorges Reservoir Areas

Interest has developed in the potential of mulberry (Morus alba), a woody perennial, for revegetating the hydro-fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir due to its resistance to water-logging stress. To be useful, the trees must also be able to withstand dry conditions in summer when temperatures can be very high and droughts become severe quickly. Here, we report a study in which mulberry seedlings were grown in a greenhouse under a variety of simulated soil water conditions reflecting potential summer scenarios in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. We compared the responses of two pretreatment groups of mulberry seedlings to different levels of drought stress. The pretreatment groups differed with respect to drought hardening: the daily-managed (DM) group had relative soil moisture held constant in the range 70–80 %, while the drought-hardened (DH) group had relative soil moisture held constant at 40–50 %. Following the month-long pretreatment of seedlings, the two groups of young trees (DM and DH) were then respectively subjected to three levels of drought stress for a month: normal watering, moderate drought stress, and severe drought stress. A series of measurements comparing the physiological status of the plants in the two groups were then made, and the following results were obtained: (1) As drought stress increased, the heights, base diameters, root surface areas, photosynthetic rates (Pn), stomatal conductances (Gs), and transpiration rates (Tr) of the mulberry trees in both groups (DM and DH) decreased significantly, while the specific root area and abscisic acid (ABA) contents had increasing trends. Root activity and instantaneous water use efficiency of mulberry trees in both groups (DM and DH) were all raised under drought stress conditions than under normal watering, but the root/shoot ratio and leaf water potential were lowered. (2) At the same level of soil water content, the heights, base diameters, root/shoot ratios, root surface areas, specific root areas, photosynthetic rates (Pn), stomatal conductances (Gs), and transpiration rates (Tr) of the young mulberry trees in the DH were all significantly higher than those of the control group (DM). Leaf water potential, instantaneous water use efficiency, and abscisic acid content of DH were all significantly lower than DM. Under different degrees of drought stress, the growth of mulberry trees will be inhibited, but the trees can respond to the stress by increasing the root absorptive area and enhancing capacity for water retention. Mulberry trees demonstrate strong resistance to drought stress, and furthermore drought resistance can be improved by drought hardening during the seedling stage.     

太原市汾河公园再生水补水方案优化模拟

为了解决汾河公园景观水体因缺乏稳定充足的补水水源而导致的水景效果下降、水质逐渐变差的困境,考虑将再生水作为其主要的补水水源。使用EFDC—WASP水动力水质耦合模型对不同的再生水补水方案下汾河公园水质时空变化进行了模拟。结果显示,当公园采用人工湿地深度处理后的再生水联合水库水共同补水时,除TN指标浓度部分时段内出现超过V类标准限值50％的情况,其他TP、COD、NHf—N主要水质指标浓度均能有效地维持在地表水Ⅱ～Ⅲ类标准,并且叶绿色a浓度始终保持在较低水平。该结果表明,再生水经人工湿地深度处理后联合水库共同补水方案可以作为汾河公园景观水系的推荐补水方案。     

优化混凝处理低温低浊黄河水及对余铝的控制

考察了4种混凝剂,高效聚合氯化铝（HPAC）,聚合氯化铝（PACl）,硫酸铝（Al2（SO4）3）,混合PACl和氯化铁（FeCl3）,对低温低浊黄河原水的混凝效果与沉后水残留铝含量的关系。结果表明,当采用Al2（SO4）3或PACl做混凝剂时,在取得较好浊度去除的投药量下,水中余铝浓度会超过国家标准（0．2131g／L）。而采用HPAC或FeCl3和PACl复配药剂,在取得与Al2（SO4）3或PACl类似的浊度去除效果的同时,也能较好地控制水中的余铝含量。当HPAC投加量为21mg／L时,沉后水浊度降至1．3NTU,残留铝含量为0．147mg／L。复配投加PACl 15mg／L和FeCl3 12mg／L后,沉后水浊度为1．18NTU,残留铝含量为0．074mg／L。PACl和氯化铁的复配比例需要精确的调控,否则容易导致出水余铁余铝含量增加。而HPAC投加量小于21mtg／L时出水余铝浓度均低于国家标准。因此,在这4种混凝剂中,就混凝效果及余铝控制而言,HPAC更适合充当低温低浊水源水的混凝处理药剂。     

复合人工湿地对高污染性河流营养物的去除

为了研究复合人工湿地对高污染性河流营养物的去除效果,在西安皂河人渭处建立了一座占地约13334m。包括5组不同复合人工湿地工艺的中试系统。经过1年的实验研究表明,复合型人工湿地对COD、BOD。和ss有很好的去除效果,其去除率最高分别为（82．4±7．2）％、（97．1±1．7）％和（94±2．7）％,对于脱氮除磷而言,以水力停留时间4．1d的复合湿地系列4的处理效果最佳,对TN、NH3-N和TP的年去除率达（79．4±14）％、（79．2±13．7）％和（82．3±12）％。氮的去除效果受温度季节性变化影响较大,夏季平均水温高于19℃有更好的处理效果,磷的去除效果受温度影响不大;NO2-、NO3-去除率呈现负增长,在湿地尾端出现了不同程度的积累。