氯化石蜡产品中短链和中链同系物的指纹分布

使用气相色谱-电子捕获负化学电离质谱（GC-ECNI-MS）,对包含CP-42、CP-52和CP-70三种常见氯含量的22个CPs产品进行了测定,分析了不同氯含量的CPs产品中短链氯化石蜡（SCCPs）和中链氯化石蜡（MCCPs）同系物的分布模式.SCCPs同系物呈现5种分布特征,分别是CP-42型、三类CP-52型和CP-70型,MCCPs同系物呈现4种分布特征,分别是CP-42型和三类CP-52型,CP-70产品中MCCPs同系物未呈现出一致的分布规律.CPs生产原料石蜡中烷烃的成分组成和CPs生产工艺的不同,是造成产品同系物分布模式不一致的原因.通过统计学分析,得到CPs产品中SCCPs和MCCPs同系物的指纹分布,这是开展环境中CPs的源解析、迁移转化、归趋和毒性风险评价等研究的有利工具.     

Morphology and composition of particles emitted from a port fuel injection gasoline vehicle under real-world driving test cycles

Traffic vehicles, many of which are powered by port fuel injection (PFI) engines, are major sources of particulate matter in the urban atmosphere. We studied particles from the emission of a commercial PFI-engine vehicle when it was running under the states of cold start, hot start, hot stabilized running, idle and acceleration, using a transmission electron microscope and an energy-dispersive X-ray detector. Results showed that the particles were mainly composed of organic, soot, and Ca-rich particles, with a small amount of S-rich and metal-containing particles, and displayed a unimodal size distribution with the peak at 600?nm. The emissions were highest under the cold start running state, followed by the hot start, hot stabilized, acceleration, and idle running states. Organic particles under the hot start and hot stabilized running states were higher than those of other running states. Soot particles were highest under the cold start running state. Under the idle running state, the relative number fraction of Ca-rich particles was high although their absolute number was low. These results indicate that PFI-engine vehicles emit substantial primary particles, which favor the formation of secondary aerosols via providing reaction sites and reaction catalysts, as well as supplying soot, organic, mineral and metal particles in the size range of the accumulation mode. In addition, the contents of Ca, P, and Zn in organic particles may serve as fingerprints for source apportionment of particles from PFI-engine vehicles.     

Enzyme-electrolytic degradation of dichloromethane: Efficiency, kinetics and mechanism

Enzymatic electrolysis cell(EEC) has advantages over microbial electrolysis cell(MEC) due to the needless of microbe inoculation and high-efficiency of enzymatic reaction. In this study, an EEC was first applied to achieve the effective degradation of halogenated organic pollutants and dichloromethane(CH_2Cl_2) was utilized as a model pollutant. The results indicate that the degradation efficiency of CH_2Cl_2 after 2 hr reaction in the EEC was almost100%, which was significantly higher than that with enzyme(51.1%) or current(19.0%). The current induced the continuous regeneration of reduced glutathione(GSH), thus CH_2Cl_2 was degraded under the catalysis of GSH-dependent dehalogenase through stepwise dechlorination, and successively formed monochloromethane(CH_3Cl) and methane(CH_4). The kinetic result shows that with a current of 15 mA, the maximum specific degradation rate of CH_2Cl_2(3.77 × 10~(-3) hr~(-1)) was increased by 5.7 times. The optimum condition for CH_2Cl_2 dechlorination was also obtained with pH, current and temperature of 7.0, 15 mA and 35°C,respectively. Importantly, this study helps to understand the behavior of enzymes and the fate of halogenated organic pollutants with EEC, providing a possible treatment technology for halogenated organic pollutants.     

青霉菌与生物炭复合修复土壤砷污染的研究

采用随机区组设计,分别对添加不同量的青霉菌和生物炭的砷污染土壤进行培养,通过测定土壤中的As~(3+)、As~(5+)及总砷含量,探究了青霉菌与生物碳复合修复对砷污染土壤中有效砷的钝化率及土壤中砷的价态转化的影响,同时对土壤中的微生物数量进行区系分析,建立了微生物数量与有效砷含量之间的关系.结果显示,随着青霉菌接菌量与生物炭施用量的增加,土壤中总砷含量不会发生变化,有效砷含量从17.74 mg·kg~(-1)下降到12.69 mg·kg~(-1),有效砷的钝化率可达到27.6%左右.而两种价态的砷(As~(5+)、As~(3+))之间没有发生转化,约27%的As~(5+)会被青霉菌与生物炭固定,但As~(3+)在土壤中的含量基本保持不变.在有效砷含量下降的同时,土壤中放线菌的含量基本不变,但土壤中细菌的总量有所上升.结果表明,青霉菌与生物碳复合修复可以降低有效砷的含量,并使砷污染土壤中的微生物环境有所改善,对砷污染土壤显示出较好的修复性能.     

生态工程综合治理系统对农业小流域氮磷污染的治理效应

以典型农业小流域——开慧河流域源区为研究对象,基于研究区农业面源污染的主要排放特征,建立以生态湿地为主的小流域面源污染生态工程综合治理系统,重点探讨其对水体氮磷污染物的去除效果.结果表明,畜禽养殖业是开慧河流域源区水体氮磷污染物的主要来源,需要重点防控.组合生态湿地处理工程对农村分散式生活与养殖混合废水总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的平均去除率为87. 1%和90. 9%;多级人工湿地拦截工程对农田排水与分散式养殖混合废水TN、TP的平均去除率为85. 7%和84. 9%;景观型生态湿地净化工程对末端汇水区水体中TN、TP的去除率在27. 1%～67. 4%和13. 3%～81. 5%之间.整个生态工程综合治理系统对流域TN和TP污染物的总拦截量分别为5 292 kg·a~(-1)和1 054 kg·a~(-1),占研究区农业面源TN、TP总污染负荷的35. 3%和43. 6%.因此,构建的生态工程综合治理系统对流域农业面源氮磷污染具有较好的治理效应,适合在我国南方小流域水环境治理中推广应用.     

基于GIS格网化分析支撑的旅游空间规划技术方法研究——以青岛市为例

空间规划是支撑旅游地发展规划的核心章节,目前主要依靠规划者经验判断,主观性较强,缺乏客观方面的信息数据支持。论文将GIS格网化与旅游资源评价模型相结合,提出了旅游资源单体采集、旅游资源格网化及其空间分析方法,并融合旅游资源群评价模型、旅游功能区识别模型、旅游线路和空间发展轴线识别模型予以支撑,形成了标准化的旅游资源采集、评价到空间识别的集成技术方法;并以青岛市为例,识别出了旅游资源集群及其发展潜力、旅游功能区和空间拓展轴线,确立了“一心、一带、三轴、五区”的空间发展格局。论文初步探讨了GIS格网化空间分析方法在区域旅游规划中的应用,能够补充传统定性评价方法客观性不足的缺陷,实现复杂旅游资源数据的单体评价、旅游资源集群评价、旅游功能区识别、旅游线路和空间发展轴线优选的系列化分析技术路线,可为延伸旅游规划深度、提高规划精度提供科学参考。     

生物修复技术在白海面黑臭河涌治理中的应用

利用人工曝气、水体生物修复和河道生态恢复等技术,对广州市白海面黑臭水体进行治理。结果表明,在污水进水流量3000～4000m^3／d的条件下,通过生物治理,消除了水体黑臭现象,从上游到下游,水色由暗黄逐步转为黄、黄绿;在上游不断流入污水情况下,CODcr除去率达55％以上,NH3-N除去率为35％,TP除去率达25％以上。本研究为城市黑臭河道,特别是暂时无法截污的城郊河道的治理和养护提供了一套切实可行的方法。     

微电解技术预处理印染废水

印染废水因污染物浓度高、色度大、可生化性差成为难处理的工业废水。本文采用微电解-生化工艺对印染废水进行工程实验,微电解预处理使废水中的COD大幅去除,并显著提高其可生化性;色度问题也得到了有效解决。工程实验结果表明,微电解-生化工艺处理效果好、出水水质稳定、运行费用低,处理后废水能达标排放。     

环境优先污染物的筛选原则、程序和方法

确定环境优先污染物,是控制和防治化学品污染的带有战略性的一项基础性工作。本文根据研究编别区域环境优先污染物名单中的实践,并借鉴国内外有关经验,就筛选环境优先污染物的有关原则、程序和方法进行探讨。     

活性炭厌氧流化床处理毒性有机废水存在的问题与对策

活性炭厌氧流不处理毒性有机废水存在问题，对含有活性炭能吸附而生物难降解成份的废水，通过定期替换少量活性炭、能维持工艺的稳定运行。