突发性环境污染事故的分类特征及处置措施——以保定市两起危及环境安全事故为例

环境污染事故具有时间上的突发性、形式不确定性、危害的严重性和处理处置的艰巨性.发生在河北省保定市境内的两起危及水环境安全的事故具有典型性和代表性.事故发生后通过采取一系列相应的应急措施,有效地控制了大规模的环境污染;如何防止和应对突发环境污染事故,维护环境安全,已成为环境保护工作的重大新课题.面对环境安全事故及跨流域、跨区域环境污染事故的频繁发生,应从排查污染隐患、建立完善的环境应急响应体系、加强环境应急基础设施建设等方面入手,减少事故的发生,减轻对环境的危害.     

旋转式滗水器设计的动力学计算

在对旋转式滗水器进行了水力学和运动学计算的基础上,对旋转式滗水器进行了动力学计算,给出了其动力学计算公式,与水力学和运动学计算公式一起,共同给出了旋转式滗水器完整的设计计算公式.     

土壤中重金属生物有效性研究

土壤重金属污染问题是当前主要的环境问题,结合中国人多耕地少的国情,中国面临的土壤环境安全问题更加严峻.已有大量实验研究表明,土壤环境中能被生物吸收利用的重金属才是衡量重金属元素对生态环境影响的关键参数.文章在分析国内外土壤重金属生物有效性相关文献的基础上,介绍了生物有效性的定义以及影响土壤重金属生物有效性的因素,讨论了两种常用研究土壤有效态重金属方法(化学提取法和生物学评价法)的原理和优缺点,在此基础上,提出今后的研究方向,以供研究者参考.     

风速及泄漏量对无组织排放的苯污染物浓度影响的CFD模拟研究

利用Fluent软件对某化工厂苯污染物的无组织排放在居民区的扩散规律进行了模拟,研究并比较了风速及无组织泄漏量对污染物浓度的影响。研究结果表明：存在伙,当实际泄漏量大于QC时,敏感点的苯污染物浓度随风速增大而减小;当泄漏量小于伙时,敏感点的苯污染物浓度随风速增大而增大。风速较小时,随着敏感点到泄漏源距离的增大,敏感点的污染物浓度有减小趋势;风速较大时。敏感点的苯污染物浓度不仅与敏感点到泄漏源的距离有关,还与污染物的泄漏量有关。在污染物扩散方向的下风向街区内,迎风一侧的污染物浓度高于背风一侧的污染物浓度。     

中国机动车污染物排放因子及其修正方法研究

中国机动车污染物排放已成为影响空气质量的重要源。机动车污染的研究中,排放因子的确定是关键。根据机动车使用状况,车用燃料硫含量和行驶状况,运用MOBILE6．2的方法和原理确定了中国各类型机动车HC、CO、NOx的综合排放因子。小型汽油客车国0阶段CO、HC、NOx的综合排放因子分别为34．29g／km、3．45g／km和0．856g／km;国Ⅰ阶段CO、HC、NOx的综合排放因子分别为2．80g／km、0．25g/km和0．40g／km;国Ⅱ阶段CO、HC、NOx的综合排放因子分别为1．39g／km、0．16g／km和0．09g／km。     

添加秸秆对废橡胶/塑料共热解制油特性的影响

针对难降解类垃圾资源化处理的难题,利用固定床系统对废弃橡胶/塑料以不同比例掺混进行了共热解制油实验,研究掺混燃料中添加少量秸秆对共热解特性的影响。结果表明,橡胶和塑料共热解,较各自热解的得油率和油发热量增加,橡胶/塑料比例2∶3~3∶2时,制油收益率最佳;添加秸秆,能够促进热解反应提前进行,进一步提高得油率和油发热量同时提高了固体残渣的热值,则制取热解油的收益率明显提高。橡胶/塑料比例4∶1的混合燃料,添加秸秆共热解获得了最高得油率,油发热量为39.93 MJ/kg。     

Effect of Ca(II), Fe(II), and Fe(III) on Cu(II) adsorption by a polyvinylidene fluoride-based chelating membrane from Cu(II)–EDTA complex solution

A polyvinylidene fluoride-based membrane bearing the diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid chelating group was employed to recover Cu(II) from the Cu(II)-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid complex aqueous solution. Effects of Ca(II), Fe(II), and Fe(III) on Cu(II) uptake were investigated by static batch adsorption tests and dynamic adsorption filtration. Isotherms, kinetics, and breakthrough curves of Cu(II) uptakes in the presence of the three cations at concentrations of 1 mmol L^?1 were elucidated. The three cations showed a positive effect on the Cu(II) uptake; the stimulative roles were in the order of Fe(III) > Fe(II) > Ca(II). They did not alter the adsorption behavior of the membrane; adsorption isotherms and kinetics could be described by Langmuir and Lagergren second-order models, and Cu(II) adsorption was a spontaneous and exothermic process. The presence of Ca(II), Fe(II), and Fe(III) increased the sorption capacity of the membrane stack by 1.3, 1.9, and 3 times. Breakthrough time and the exhaustion time of membrane stacks were also extended.     

CPC/CaO2氧缓释复合材料的制备及其释氧性能探讨

利用过氧化钙（CaO2）遇水释放氧气的特性,采用混合法将CaO2载入到磷酸钙骨水泥（CPC）中,并通过挤出-滚圆造粒方法制备出CPC/CaO2氧缓释复合材料,旨在为污染地下水的好氧生物修复技术提供一种长期、高效的供氧源。由X射线衍射（XRD）分析可知,通过固相反应制取的CPC主要成分为Ca5（PO4）3（OH）和Ca10（PO4）6（OH）2,具有较快的固化时间和固化效果;CPC/CaO2氧缓释复合材料分3个阶段进行释氧,其中2、3阶段分别符合一级和零级释氧动力学特征,且其释氧速率和释氧周期得到明显改善。本研究成果可用于实际地下水修复工程,解决污染地下水原位生物修复过程中溶解氧（DO）的输送问题。     

阴极电生H_2O_2及电-Fenton法降解甲基橙

对石墨-PTFE阴极的主要制作参数和在无隔膜系统中电生H2O2的主要工艺参数进行了研究。结果发现,石墨与PTFE的质量比为4∶1~3∶1之间的石墨-PTFE阴极经350℃1 h煅烧后性能最好。采用磁力搅拌代替通常的氧气扩散和空气鼓泡等供氧方法,可简化系统的供氧设备,降低废水的处理成本,更易于放大和实施,且可充分利用阳极电生的氧气。石墨-PTFE阴极有较好的稳定性,重复使用10次之后,电生H2O2的活性没有下降。在由石墨-PTFE阴极和铁阳极组成的电-Fenton系统中对甲基橙溶液进行了降解,脱色效果显著。     

Urinary metabolite levels of pyrethroid insecticides in infants living in an agricultural area of the Province of Jiangsu in China

Pyrethroid insecticides are extensively and increasingly applied in agricultural and residential environments in China. Children’s exposure to pesticides attracted global concerns because of their particular vulnerability. Several studies have reported residual pyrethroid levels in urine both in adults and in children. However, few published data focused on very young infants. The study aimed to assess exposure to pyrethroid insecticides in young infants and investigate the potential influence factors on pyrethroid exposure levels. Data on pyrethroids exposure was based on questionnaire items and measurement of urinary metabolite levels among 481 infants. We detected pyrethroid metabolites of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), cis- and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (cis-DCCA and trans-DCCA) in urine using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Median values for urinary pyrethroid metabolites in these infants were 0.39 μg L^?1 for 3-PBA, 0.18 μg L^?1 for cis-DCCA, 0.92 μg L^?1 for trans-DCCA, respectively. About 60.9% of the infants had urinary concentrations of three pyrethroid metabolites that were above the level of 0.10 μg L^?1 (limit of detection, LOD). These findings of the urinary metabolites were comparable or slightly higher than those children from the other countries. From questionnaire, we learned that more than 70% of households reported that they or family members had applied mosquito repellents in infants. Above data indicated the need to assess the potential adverse effects of pyrethroids exposure on infants in order to take adequate measures to protect them from pesticide exposures during early childhood.