箍筋间距对RC梁剪切破坏及尺寸效应的影响研究∗

箍筋间距对钢筋混凝土梁的裂缝开展及剪切延性有重要影响,但对其抗剪强度及尺寸效应的影响研究较少.采用三维细观数值模拟方法,建立了钢筋混凝土梁剪切破坏力学分析模型,研究了箍筋间距及配箍率对钢筋混凝土梁剪切破坏及尺寸效应的影响机制与规律,并重点分析了箍筋间距对钢筋混凝土梁剪切延性及尺寸效应的影响.研究结果表明:箍筋间距对剪切破坏模式及抗剪强度的影响不大,主要影响钢筋混凝土梁的剪切延性;减小箍筋间距可以有效抑制梁的脆性行为;箍筋增大梁的抗剪承载能力,同时削弱梁抗剪强度尺寸效应.此外,将模拟结果与所提抗剪强度尺寸效应理论公式进行对比分析,验证了所提公式的适用性与准确性.     

Suspension Polymerization of Poly(l-lactide-co-p-dioxanone) in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Biodegradable copolymers of l-lactide(l-LA) and p-dioxanone(PDO) were synthesized in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) with stannous octoate as the ring-opening catalyst and a fluorocarbon polymer surfactant as an stabilizer. Fine powderous products were achieved when more than 90% (w/w) l-LA was fed. Scanning electron micrographic images and laser diffraction particle size analysis of the products showed the mean diameter of particles greatly increased as the content of PDO increased. The obtained polymers had the number-average molecular weights ranging from 15,000 to 26,000 g mol⁻¹ (polydispersity index ranging from 1.3 to 2.1) according to the gel permeation chromatography measurements. The polymer structure was characterized by NMR spectroscopy, indicating the formation of copolymers. Thermal properties of the obtained polymers investigated using differential scanning calorimetry showed that the morphology of products was directly relevant to the crystallinity of the copolymers. The polymerization of l-LA and PDO copolymers in scCO₂ is also proposed as a novel production technique for high-purity, biodegradable polymers.     

Synthesis and Properties of Poly(d,l-lactide-co-p-dioxanone) Random and Segmented Copolymers

Two different polymerization routes, one-step and two-step bulk ring-opening polymerizations of d,l-lactide (LA) and p-dioxanone (PDO) monermers using stannous octoate [Sn(Oct)₂]/n-dodecanol as the initiating system, were employed to synthesize poly(d,l-lactide-co-p-dioxanone) P(LA-co-PDO) random and segmented copolymers with different compositions and chain microstructure. For the two-step copolymers, the average sequence lengths of the lactidyl (L_LA) and dioxanyl (L_PDO) units calculated from the ¹H-NMR spectra were much longer than those values for the one-step copolymers with the same LA/PDO feed ratio. Corresponding to this difference in microstructure, the two-step copolymers were semi-crystalline even when the PDO content was as low as 14.5 mol%, while the one-step copolymers were completely amorphous with PDO content below 60.6 mol%. However, irrespective of polymerization route, both types of copolymers displayed a single glass transition temperature that was in a linear relation with composition. The decrease of maximum decomposition temperature of the copolymers was in accordance with the decrease of L_PDO value. The mechanical and degradation properties of the copolymers were significantly affected by both the polymerization route and the chemical composition as well. In conclusion, the properties of P(LA-co-PDO) copolymers could be adjusted conveniently to meet specific applications by changing the composition and microstructure of the copolymers via different polymerization routes.     

近50年北京地区主要灾害性天气事件变化趋势

应用1958-2008年逐日气象观测资料,对北京地区的几种主要灾害性天气事件进行了统计分析。结果表明:(1)各种灾害性天气事件的发生频率与强度均具较大的年际变化特征,高温事件的分布为双峰型结构,1990年代以来为高温多发期,年极端高温强度及连续高温日数均有增加的趋势,低温事件的变化趋势则正好相反;(2)强对流天气事件如暴雨、冰雹、雷暴日数的下降趋势不明显,但强度有减弱的迹象,大风、沙尘暴、大雾事件下降趋势明显;(3)北京年酸雨日数上升趋势明显,酸雨pH值的变化表明污染日趋严重;(4)北京气候变暖突变发生前后某些极端天气频率和强度表现出明显差异,其突变点相差1～2 a间隔,表明极端事件对于气候增暖变化需要一个响应过程。     

二氧化氯杀灭小球藻

实验研究了二氧化氯投加量、小球藻的初始浓度、pH、有机物和氨氮含量对ClO2杀灭来自于水库水的小球藻的影响,考察了ClO2氧化与混凝工艺结合时去除小球藻的效果并对工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,ClO2在投加量1.1 mg/L下,接触10 min,小球藻的杀灭率为71.93%。小球藻的杀灭率随着ClO2投加量的增大和藻初始浓度的升高而提高,随水中有机物含量的增加而显著降低,氨氮含量对小球藻杀灭的效果影响很小。在酸性条件和碱性条件下,小球藻的杀灭率均随pH升高而急剧下降,而在中性至弱碱性区间内,藻的杀灭率随pH升高而缓慢下降。对于某以小球藻为优势藻的供水水库源水,ClO2氧化与混凝工艺结合,藻的去除率高达98.47%。除藻的最佳工艺条件为：二氧化氯投加量为0.5 mg/L,聚合氯化铝为5 mg/L,二氧化氯与混凝剂同时投加。     

二氧化氯杀灭小球藻

实验研究了二氧化氯投加量、小球藻的初始浓度、pH、有机物和氨氮含量对ClO2杀灭来自于水库水的小球藻的影响,考察了ClO2氧化与混凝工艺结合时去除小球藻的效果并对工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,ClO2在投加量1.1 mg/L下,接触10 min,小球藻的杀灭率为71.93%。小球藻的杀灭率随着ClO2投加量的增大和藻初始浓度的升高而提高,随水中有机物含量的增加而显著降低,氨氮含量对小球藻杀灭的效果影响很小。在酸性条件和碱性条件下,小球藻的杀灭率均随pH升高而急剧下降,而在中性至弱碱性区间内,藻的杀灭率随pH升高而缓慢下降。对于某以小球藻为优势藻的供水水库源水,ClO2氧化与混凝工艺结合,藻的去除率高达98.47%。除藻的最佳工艺条件为:二氧化氯投加量为0.5 mg/L,聚合氯化铝为5 mg/L,二氧化氯与混凝剂同时投加。     

微生物制剂与玄武岩纤维联用处理城市废水

为了探索一种新型的去除水体中有机物的工艺,以模拟城市废水为研究对象,研究不同工况条件下,复合微生物制剂、组合双环玄武岩纤维填料以及复合微生物制剂与组合双环玄武岩纤维填料结合对模拟城市废水中COD的去除情况。实验结果表明,复合微生物制剂与组合双环玄武岩纤维填料结合在曝气的情况下对COD的去除能力较高。在复合微生物制剂与组合双环玄武岩纤维填料结合的条件下,对COD浓度为500 mg/L左右的模拟城市废水的去除效率可达 97.22%;影响模拟城市废水中COD去除效果的各因素的主次顺序依次为反应时间>曝气时间>投加量=pH;得出最佳工况参数是:复合微生物制剂的投加量为0.05 g/L,曝气时间为72 h,反应时间为96 h,pH为7。     

基于动强度试验确定饱和砂土弱化参数的方法∗

对于可液化土层,若土体发生液化则认为土体强度完全丧失;而对于没有发生液化的土层,一般不考虑超孔隙水压力对土体强度的影响。实际情况下,具有超孔隙水压力的饱和砂土在地震荷载作用下强度会发生弱化,以往对于可液化土层中桩土相互作用问题的研究都是针对土体完全液化的情况展开的,忽略了液化过程中超孔隙水压力对其强度的影响。通过竖向-扭转双向耦合剪切仪对福建标准砂进行循环扭剪动强度试验,结合MohrCoulomb强度理论,计算得到不同孔压比下饱和砂土的弱化参数,并根据有效应力原理建立了弱化状态下土体弱化参数与孔压比之间的数学关系。结果表明:液化过程中超孔隙水压力对土体强度弱化的影响可以用土体弱化参数来表示;孔压比越大,土体强度弱化越严重,相应的弱化参数也越小,反之则越大。     

风荷载作用下钢管脚手架新型外挂防护网受力性能试验研究

为研究钢管脚手架新型外挂防护网在风荷载作用下的受力性能,通过室内水平往复荷载试验,分析了新型外挂防护在两组不同分载装置作用下的最大变形、破坏最薄弱位置以及对整个脚手架架体的影响.结果表明:在标准风荷载作用下,该新型外挂防护网对整个脚手架架体的影响很小,主要应变都出现在防护网的外框及斜撑骨架上;随着作用荷载的逐渐增大,防...     

浅谈大连市的环境建设与城市环境空气质量

本文阐述了大连市2000年以来在环境建设方面采取的一系列有效措施,即：不断完善城市燃气基础设施,提高城市燃料气化率;拆炉并网,实现集中供热;制定烟尘控制区建设规划,加大烟尘整治力度;把绿化纳入城市总体规划,建城区绿化覆盖率逐年提高。城市的环境建设产生了明显的环境效益,大连市空气环境质量始终保持稳定,实现了经济、社会与环境的协调发展。