珠江河网水产品中菊酯类农药残留调查及健康风险评价

2012年8月在珠江河网采集水产品样品(13种鱼,4种虾和2种贝),采用超声波提取-气相色谱法对样品中菊酯类农药(PYRs)进行残留检测,并对鱼类PYRs暴露水平进行健康风险评价。结果显示,鱼类肌肉、虾类和贝类中PYRs质量分数分别介于ND~3.05μg·kg-1、0.05~1.13μg·kg-1和0.69~1.20μg·kg-1(ND为未检出,以湿重计),平均值分别为0.90μg·kg-1、0.41μg·kg-1和0.99μg·kg-1。虾类和贝类中PYRs的检出率均很高,除联苯菊酯在虾类体内检出率为75%外,其他菊酯均为100%,鱼类肌肉中氯菊酯检出率最高,达到100%。氯菊酯在鱼类肌肉和贝类中的检出量最高,分别占总菊酯质量分数的52.2%和55.4%,溴氰菊酯在虾类中检出量最高,分别占总菊酯质量分数的33.0%;对居民通过食物摄入的PYRs进行食用暴露风险评估,结果表明,珠江河网水产品中PYRs人体健康危害的年总风险评价介于3.96×10-13~1.21×10-10a-1,水产品的安全消费量为5.54×104kg·d-1,水产品中的PYRs的健康危险风险很小。     

贵、重金属的生物吸附

采矿业和工业废水中常含有大量的重金属离子 ,严重污染环境 ,危害人类健康 .因此 ,治理重金属污染的技术受到极大重视 .贵金属是指钌 (Ｒｕ)、铑 (Ｒｈ)、钯 (Ｐｄ)、银 (Ａｇ)、锇 (Ｏｓ)、铱(Ｉｒ)、铂 (Ｐｔ)、金 (Ａｕ)等 8种金属 ,由于其特殊性能 ,广泛应用于航天航空、电子和石油化工等工业 .随着工业的发展 ,贵金属的应用愈加广泛 ,但贵金属资源稀少 ,冶炼困难 .因此 ,从含贵金属的废料、废液和废水等“二次资源”中回收贵金属具有重要的经济和社会意义 .从废液、废水中去除重金属或回收贵金属 ,传统的方法有化学沉淀法、电解法、离…     

江苏省空气质量预报准确度及改进方法分析

介绍了江苏省重污染天气监测预报预警系统以及大气重污染预警会商流程,将2015年13个地级市的模式预报、人工预报结果分别与实际观测值进行比较。结果表明:人工预报更准确,PM_(2.5)日均值、臭氧日最大8 h平均值、AQI 3个指标人工预报和实况的相关性分别比模式预报高出12.8%、0.3%、11.4%,平均标准误差(MNE)分别低20.7%、3.1%、23.1%。依据国家空气质量预报技术指南评分办法,对各市2015年全年空气质量级别为"良"时进行评分。通过开展07∶00预报更新,使2015年上半年空气质量预报级别得分平均提高了0.9分,全年级别得分平均提高了2.6分;通过改进模式预报参数,使PM_(2.5)日均预报值、臭氧日最大8 h平均预报值、AQI预报值和实际观测值的相关性比上年同期分别提高26.0%、5.0%、33.9%,MNE分别降低3.6%、31.3%、7.6%。     

厦门湾流域河流氮污染综合溯源与水体达标策略

全球变化背景下海岸带地区面临多种环境压力,快速城镇化和人类活动导致河流与海湾营养盐污染和富营养化问题加重,污染溯源是水体达标方案编制与实施的重要环节.兼顾科学性与操作性,本文基于综合溯源思路,以厦门湾河流为例,于水质较差的枯水期开展水系沿程梯度调查,进行氮的生物地球化学过程解析,结合硝酸盐氮氧双位素及土地利用统计分析,探明氮污染关键源区和氨氮超标成因.结果表明,研究区63%的站位水中氨氮占无机氮的50%以上,沿下游方向氨氮污染加重,且与城镇与农村宅基地、渔塘的面积占比均呈正相关.土壤氮、粪肥及污水和化肥贡献了硝酸盐89%~91%的来源.最后,提出了污染减排(控源)、生态修复(增容)、以海定陆(统筹)的水体达标策略,为我国水污染防治与管理提供方法示范.     

Characterization of submicron aerosol particles in winter at Albany, New York

A thorough understanding of chemical composition, particle pH, and pollutant emissions is essential to address the climate and human health effects of atmospheric particles. In this study, we used a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer(HR-ToF-AMS)and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer(SMPS) to characterize the composition of submicron particles. Moreover, we applied the ISORROPIA-II model to analyze the particle acidity effect on the compositional characterization of submicron ...     

Hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl free radicals determination methods in atmosphere and troposphere

The hydroxyl radical (?OH) has a crucial function in the oxidation and removal of many atmospheric compounds that are harmful to health. Nevertheless, high reactivity, low atmospheric abundance, determination of hydroxyl, and hydroperoxyl radical's quantity is very difficult. In the atmosphere and troposphere, hydroperoxyl radicals (HO₂) are closely demanded in the chemical oxidation of the troposphere. But advances in technology have allowed researchers to improve the determination methods on the research of free radicals through some spectroscopic techniques. So far, several methods such as laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and chemical ionization mass spectroscopy have been identified and mostly used in determining the quantity of hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals. In this systematic review, we have advised the use of scavenger as an advance for further researchers to circumvent some of these problems caused by free radicals. The primary goal of this review is to deepen our understanding of the functions of the most critical free radical (?OH, HO₂) and also understand the currently used methods to quantify them in the atmosphere and troposphere.     

Relationship between physicochemical properties and dewaterability of hydrothermal sludge derived from different source

Sewage sludge (SS) and deinking sludge (DS) were used to comparatively study the hydrothermal dewatering of sludge with different components. For a better overview, an insight into the relationship between physicochemical properties and dewaterability of hydrothermal sludge was provided. Results found that not all kinds of sludge were suitably conditioned by hydrothermal treatment (HT) in term of the elevation of dewaterability. Higher hydrothermal temperature tended to enhance the dewaterability of SS rather than DS, which was supported by the variation of their physicochemical properties (including water distribution, bonding energy, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), particles size, acid functional groups and zeta potential in this study). In addition, the changes in surface morphology suggested that the reverse effect of HT on sludge dewaterability was mainly due to their dewatering behavior. For SS, the destruction of EPS structure leaded to the release of bound water, thereby strengthening sludge dewatering. Conversely, “Bridging effect” generated by lignocellulose in DS was beneficial for sludge dewatering; however, the increasing hydrothermal temperature degraded part of lignocellulose and weakened “bridging effect”, finally resulting in worse dewaterability of DS.     

试论国有矿山企业档案管理的特征

以国有矿山企业档案建设为依托,系统分析了企业档案管理的现状与特征,提出了档案管理与建设的发展方向,进一步加快矿山企业档案管理与建设步伐,以促进矿山企业现代化建设.     

阪神地震中大开地铁车站和区间隧道破坏差异成因研究∗

在日本阪神地震中遭受地震破坏的地铁地下结构中,仅大开车站中标准段一处区域发生了完全塌毁,其它地铁车站、隧道的震害程度均相对其要轻微。利用能够合理模拟地下框架结构损伤破坏的数值分析模型,对大开车站标准段、中央大厅段以及区间隧道结构的地震破坏反应进行了数值模拟分析,探讨了造成上述现象的原因。结果表明:不同断面宽度以及埋深导致大开车站标准段、中央大厅段以及区间隧道结构所受的上覆土压不同,使三者立柱在地震作用中处于不同的轴压比状态下工作,并使得三者不同刚度的结构框架在地震作用中出现不同程度的损伤与刚度退化,继而导致三者立柱出现了不同程度的水平相对变形。最终大开站标准段立柱由于较高的轴压比下受到过量的水平相对变形而发生破坏,从而导致整体框架结构的严重破坏;其余二者则由于立柱处于较低的轴压比下,所受水平相对变形处于立柱变形能力范围内,而未发生立柱破坏,进而使得整体框架保持了承载能力。     

下穿隧道对地铁车站结构地震反应的影响研究*

针对下穿隧道对临近地铁车站地震反应的影响问题,本文采用数值模拟方法,基于 ABAQUS 平台建立了隧道下穿大开地铁车站的整体三维非线性数值分析模型,通过改变地震动类型和隧道与车站结构的交叉净距,从结构构件的破坏比和竖向变形等角度,定量分析了不同工况下隧道下穿对车站结构地震反应的影响,并与单体大开车站原型结构的地震反应进行了对比。研究表明：下穿隧道会增大地铁车站结构中柱和侧墙的破坏比(相应的最大增幅：中柱为 35%,侧墙为 26%);同时,底板的竖向变形显著增大,最大增幅达到 100%;随着交叉净距的增大, 中柱和侧墙地震反应减小,而底板竖向沉降有所增大;下穿隧道对车站结构地震反应的影响范围约为隧道直径的 3 倍。研究成果对隧道近距离穿越地铁车站结构的设计与分析具有一定的参考价值。