活性炭纤维的改性及对Cu~(2+)吸附性能影响的研究

采用硝酸、磷酸、磷酸二氢铵和硝酸铜水溶液对聚丙烯腈基活性炭纤维(PAN-ACF)进行浸渍改性,制备了4种改性活性炭纤维(ACF1-ACF4)。测定了改性活性炭纤维表面含氧酸性官能团、零电荷点、比表面积和孔容,评价了改性纤维对铜离子的吸附性能。结果表明改性后活性炭纤维表面含氧酸性官能团明显增加,其零电荷点相应降低,比表面积和微孔孔容增大。改性活性炭纤维对Cu2+的吸附容量显著提高,其中ACF2吸附性能最佳,其吸附容量从改性前的4.80 mg/g增加到17.32 mg/g,提高了3.6倍。     

超声Fenton法处理毒死蜱中间体废水的工艺优化

针对毒死蜱中间体生产的化工废水有机物浓度高、生物抑制性强的特点,以实际生产废水为研究对象,基于响应曲面法,进行了超声/Fenton法降解有机物效能研究与运行参数的优化.结果表明:1通过单因素试验确定响应曲面设计的自变量中心点为H2O2投加量0.5 mol/L、Fe2+投加量0.93 g/L、反应时间90 min.2采用Box-Behnken试验设计,建立了以H2O2及Fe2+投加量、反应时间为自变量的回归模型,经方差分析,模型显著(P0.000 1);对有机物去除率影响最大的因素为Fe2+投加量,其与反应时间的交互作用显著.3最优工况为H2O2投加量0.7 mol/L、Fe2+投加量1.36 g/L、反应时间96 min,该条件下模型预测CODCr去除率为96.63%,试验值与模型预测值的相对误差为1.36%,出水水质指标远低于GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》三级标准,ρ(BOD5)/ρ(CODCr)从0.09升至0.22,CODCr单位去除负荷的H2O2及Fe2+用量相对较低,分别为0.14 mmol/mg和0.28 mg/mg.研究显示,采用超声/Fenton法处理高浓度难降解有机废水可有效提高CODCr去除率及其可生化性.     

冻融作用对土壤镉动力学吸附解吸的影响

为了研究冻融作用对土壤镉吸附解吸过程的影响,采用人工控温、室内培养方法对土壤进行冻融处理,并通过土壤镉动力学吸附解吸试验,分析了土壤对镉的吸附解吸量、吸附解吸率及吸附解吸速率.结果表明,冻融作用能够促进土壤对外源镉的吸附,镉的吸附量、吸附率和吸附速率均随着冻融次数的增加而增加.同时,冻融作用能减缓土壤对镉的解吸,随着冻融次数的增加,土壤对镉的解吸速率和解吸率降低,土壤镉解吸速率的下降率随冻融次数的增加而增大.     

暴风雪作用下轻型钢结构房屋的损伤特征分析

基于雪灾事故的调查研究,对轻钢结构房屋在风荷载、雪荷载不同作用情况下的损伤特征及其结构受力性能进行了有限元分析。结果表明,风力涡旋效应造成屋面雪载的分布极不均匀,受损处常集中在屋面1/4和3/4跨附近;基本风、雪荷载值偏低以及轻型钢结构房屋的鲁棒性差,往往因局部损坏导致整体性坍塌。     

二氧化钛/石墨烯气凝胶的制备及其可见光催化性能

以不同m（氧化石墨）∶V（钛酸四丁酯）的氧化石墨和钛酸四丁酯为原料,采用一步水热还原法制备4种TiO₂/石墨烯气凝胶。采用XRD谱图、FESEM照片、拉曼光谱谱图和能谱谱图对样品的结构、形貌、组成元素进行了表征分析。以溶液中罗丹明B的降解率作为评价指标,考察了4种TiO₂/石墨烯气凝胶的可见光催化性能。实验结果表明：随着氧化石墨含量的增加,石墨烯对TiO₂的包覆变好,石墨烯与TiO₂ 成功复合形成三维气凝胶;罗丹明B在TiO₂/石墨烯气凝胶体系中的光催化降解反应属于一级反应,4种TiO₂/石墨烯气凝胶对罗丹明B的最高降解率和反应速率分别是纯TiO₂体系的4.5倍和9.9倍,实现了TiO₂的可见光催化。     

Removal of low concentrations of ammonium and humic acid from simulated groundwater by Vermiculite/Palygorskite mixture

Contaminants in water are classified into different types based on their physical and chemical properties. Thus, more than one type of sorbents may be needed for their removal. In this article, a combination of vermiculite with palygorskite was studied for their simultaneous removal of ammonium and humic acid from simulated groundwater. Batch results showed that the Langmuir model described ammonium adsorption well with an adsorption capacity of 22 mg/g while the humic acid adsorption data fitted to the linear adsorption better, suggesting different removal mechanisms of these two types of contaminants. Kinetic studies showed an instantaneous removal of ammonium and humic acid. A column packed with mixture of equal volumes of vermiculite and palygorskite could treat 100 pore volumes for ammonium removal at an initial concentration of 10 mg/L and 500 pore volumes for humic acid removal at an initial concentration of 20 mg/L before the effluent concentrations exceeded the standard.     

改性松针对水体中铅(II)的吸附

探讨了改性松针(GXLsp)作为吸附剂对水体中铅离子的吸附性能,考察了吸附时间、溶液pH值、吸附剂用量、盐离子浓度、Pb(II)初始浓度及温度对改性松针吸附Pb(II)的影响。利用Langmuir和Freundlich等温线模型对实验数据进行非线性拟合分析,结果表明,Freundlich等温线模型能很好地描述松针对Pb(II)的吸附过程。热力学参数表明吸附是一个自发的吸热过程。改性松针对铅的吸附行为符合拟二级动力学方程,表明吸附过程是以化学吸附为主。在293K时松针对Pb(II)的饱和吸附量为318.3 mg/g,因此,GXLsp可作为一种高效低值生物质吸附剂以去除水体中重金属Pb(II)的污染。     

干湿法解毒铬渣的综合利用研究

铬渣中含高浓度的六价铬,属于危险废物,未经无害化处置的铬渣泄露将严重污染水体和土壤,破坏生态环境.经银河化学公司研发的干湿法结合的“增压隔氧法”解毒工艺处理后,铬渣样品中总铬、六价铬去除率达99％以上.解毒后铬渣样品中总铬、六价铬含量满足《铬渣污染治理环境保护技术规范》(HT/T 301-2007)要求.铬渣解毒后不属于危险废物,可以综合利用于水泥混合材料生产中.     

Spatial and vertical variations of perfluoroalkyl substances in sediments of the Haihe River, China

The levels of six perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) in surface sediment and their vertical variations in dated sediment cores from the Haihe River were investigated; studied substances included perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA),perfluorononanoic acid(PFNA),perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS),perfluorodecanoic acid(PFDA),perfluoroundecanoic acid(PFUnA),and perfluorododecanoic acid(PFDoA). Results showed that the total PFAS concentration in surface sediment ranged between 0.52 and 16.33 ng/g dry weight(dw) with an average of3.47 ng/g dw,with PFOS and PFOA as the dominant PFASs. In general,the PFAS concentrations in the mainstream increased from the upper to the lower reaches,except that a drop occurred downstream of the Erdao dam. Although the PFASs in the sediment cores did not show a clear decreasing or increasing trend with depth,the three cores had a similar vertical variation.The PFAS levels were relatively low in the surface sediment,and reached the first high point at8–20 cm as a result of the wide use of PFASs from 1990 to 2000. After that the PFAS levels decreased,and then increased to a second high point at about 40–48 cm,which might be caused by the leaching of PFASs in sediment. Because PFASs have hydrophilic groups and relatively high solubility,the PFASs will transfer from the upper to lower layers of sediment when water infiltration occurs,leading to the fluctuation of PFAS levels in sediment cores. This study suggests that both the temporal variation of sources and transfer processes of PFASs in sediments are important factors influencing the vertical variation of PFASs in sediment cores.     

宁波市雾霾天气成因分析及防控对策措施研究

2012年以来,宁波市雾霾天气日益频繁,严重影响着区域空气质量、市民身体健康、以及全市物流和海洋经济.通过结合地域特点,对宁波市雾霾天气现状及危害、形成原因,在气象、人为、经济发展等多方面进行分析,在面源、固定源、移动源上找出治理雾霾污染的总体思路、及其具体对策措施.加强城市绿化,提高雾霾净化能力.加大源头治理,遏制雾霾污染:开展建筑扬尘“面源”治理;加大产业结构和能源结构“固定源”调整;推进汽车尾气“移动源”治理.