加强乡镇医院污水排放的环境监督管理

以镇江市医院为例，分析了医院污水的排放和净化处理现状，提出了治理医院污水的对策措施。     

人与非洲猎豹相处的日子

我从路华汽车里小心翼翼地滑出来，带着大型摄影机以及各式各样的器材，这可不是件容易的事。     

Sustainable resource management coupled to resilient germplasm to provide new intensive cereal–grain–legume–livestock systems in the dry savanna

Sustainable resource management is the critical agricultural research and development challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. The accumulated knowledge on soil management gathered over the last 10 years, combined with solid crop improvement and plant health research at farmers’ level, has brought us to a stage where we can now address with confidence the intensification of cereal–grain–legume-based cropping systems in the dry savanna of West Africa in a sustainable and environmentally positive manner.Two sustainable farming systems that greatly enhance the productivity and sustainability of integrated livestock systems have been developed and implemented in the dry savanna of Nigeria. These are: (i) maize (Zea mays L.)–promiscuous soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotations that combine high nitrogen fixation and the ability to kill large numbers of Striga hermonthica seeds in the soil; and (ii) miflet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaerth] and dual-purpose cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Improvement of the cropping systems in the dry savanna has been driven by the adoption of promiscuously nodulating soybean varieties (in particular TGx 1448-2E) and dual-purpose cowpea. The rate of adoption is very high, even in the absence of an efficient seed distribution system. The number of farmers cultivating the improved varieties increased by 228% during the last 3 years. Increased production of promiscuous soybean has been stimulated by increased demand from industries and home utilization. Production in Nigeria was estimated at 405,000 t in 1999 compared to less than 60,000 t in 1984. Economic analysis of these systems shows already an increase of 50–70% in the gross incomes of adopting farmers compared to those still following the current practices, mainly continuous maize cultivation. Furthermore, increases in legume areas of 10% in Nigeria (about 30,000 ha in the northern Guinea savanna) and increases of 20% in yield have translated into additional fixed nitrogen valued annually at US$ 44 million. This reflects, at the same time, an equivalent increase in land-use productivity, and with further spread of the improved crops, there are excellent prospects for additional economic and environmental benefits from a very large recommendation domain across West Africa.     

陶瓷微滤膜过滤黑液的清洗与再生

对无机陶瓷微滤膜过滤草桨黑液的膜清洗及再生的方法进行了研究。考察了物理和化学方法的再生效果、单种清洗剂的清洗效果、复合方法的清洗效果和效果的可重复性。结果表明物理冲洗、高温灼烧、单一的化学清洗剂清洗均可以提高陶瓷膜的再生通量；但是复合方法对陶瓷微滤膜的再生效果较好，其中按氢氧化钠溶液清洗、硝酸溶液清洗、次氯酸钠溶液清洗的实验步骤，膜的再生渗透通量高．且重复性强，可望在工业生产的在线清洗中应用。     

混凝法在滇池蓝藻暴发期净水除藻的可行性研究

采用精制硫酸铝为混凝剂,L93^4正交法安排滇池蓝藻暴发期混凝沉降除藻除净水工艺实验。结果表明,混凝剂种类、水样pH值对蓝藻去除率有很大影响。研究确定了混凝剂除藻最佳操作条件,为混凝法去除蓝藻的工业化提供了理论和实际操作依据。     

生命周期评价的应用,内涵与挑战

从环境问题与可持续发展出发，指出生命周期评价是在产品层次上实现可持续发展的一种理论评价工具，并探讨了生命周期评价的内涵，论述产品生命周是进行生命周期评价的客观依据，详细探讨应用生命周期评价存在的问题，指出进一步研究生命周期评价的方向。     

Factors associated with multiple-pass procedures during chorionic villus sampling: A video analysis

Multiple placental passes during chorionic villus sampling (CVS) increase the risk of fetal loss; however, specific factors that predispose to repeat aspiration have not been delineated. To identify anatomic and technical variables associated with multiple-pass procedures, a detailed review of 205 videotaped CVS procedures (single pass = 163; multiple pass = 42) was performed, blinded to pregnancy outcome. The route of sampling did not influence the need for multiple aspiration attempts (transabdominal—30/ 135; transcervical—12/70), nor was placental location alone discriminatory. However, the combination of a posterior placenta and uterine retroversion was observed more frequently in the multiple-pass cohort (8/42 vs. 9/163; p<0.05). In transabdominal cases, suboptimal needle placement (e.g., perpendicular to the placental long axis) was more common in the initial aspiration of a multiple-pass procedure (21/30 vs. 38/105;p<0.01), while limited penetration of the catheter tip (e.g., just inside the placental edge) characterized a majority of multiple-pass cases in the transcervical subset (7/12 vs. 3/58; p<0.0001). A case-control cohort was constructed to evaluate the impact of these technical variables on sampling efficacy, independent of the influence of uterine position and placental site. In that analysis, suboptimal location and/or orientation of the sampling device remained characteristic of multiple-pass cases. We conclude that further reduction in the frequency of multiple-pass procedures might be achieved by consistent placement of the device tip in the central placental mass. Unlike amniocentesis, where any point of amnion entry will suffice, this technical nuance should be emphasized with CVS to maximize the single-pass success rate.