血清对Hela细胞内硫醇浓度和甲醛诱导性DNA-蛋白质交联（DPC）的影响

吸入性甲醛如何将其遗传毒性从呼吸器官经血液转移全身?这是揭示"甲醛致白血病"这个科学问题的关键.以新生牛血清(NBS)为"模拟血液",以Hela细胞为实验材料,采用体外甲醛染毒实验,研究了培养基血清对细胞内硫醇浓度,以及对甲醛诱导性DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC)的影响.结果表明,当培养基中未添加血清时,250μmol·L-1甲醛仅引起较低水平的交联效应,同时细胞内硫醇浓度水平也较低;而加入1%和10%新生牛血清以后,甲醛诱导的DPC均显著上升(p<0.01,p<0.05),同时细胞内硫醇浓度水平也显著上升(p<0.05,p<0.01).培养基中新生牛血清能够再生Hela细胞内的硫醇,同时促进细胞DPC的形成.这可能为理解甲醛远距离毒性,解释吸入甲醛是否能导致白血病提供了基础.     

不同pH条件下太湖入湖河道沉积物磷的释放

对不同pH条件下太湖西部主要入湖河道沉积物中溶解性活性磷(SRP)和总溶解性磷(TDP)的采样分析结果表明,中部人湖河道SRP与TDP的释放表现出明显的不一致性,北部和南部入湖河道SRP和TDP的释放基本一致,只是在强碱性条件下,某些河流2种磷的释放变化不一致.营养程度高的河道,沉积物磷在碱性条件下容易释放;营养程度低的河道,沉积物磷在酸性条件下容易释放.因此,应当考虑碱化(或酸化)引起的磷释放风险.Fe-P和Ca-P含量及2者比值与河道的营养状况有关,也与沉积物磷的释放量有关,表明沉积物磷的形态组成对磷的释放影响明显.湖泊因自身的水动力条件差和对营养元素的富集,营养程度高于河道,湖泊沉积物磷的释放量也较大.     

集约化露天菜地表层土壤盐分累积特征及消长规律

以广东省佛山市南海区为例,研究了集约化露天菜地表层土壤盐分的累积状况和离子组成,对盐分的季节性消长规律及其变化原因进行了深入分析.结果表明:2006年春季土壤盐分的累积情况较为严重,5个集约化露天菜地样点中有3个样点(1、2、4号)的表层土壤盐分浓度较高,全盐质量分数超过1.0 g·kg-1,已达到次生盐渍化的标准,其中又以2号样点(菜场)最为突出,伞盐质量分数高至2.42 g·kg1;2006年春季到夏季为脱盐阶段,土壤盐分浓度下降明显;2006年夏季到秋冬季变化幅度不大.土壤盐分浓度的变化与降雨量有密切关系,虽然2006年降雨偏多,但佛山市南海区农业集约化水平较高,部分菜地连年种植蔬菜、复种指数极高、化肥施用量偏大,从而在遇到干早年份和季节,集约化露天菜地土壤仍有发生次生盐渍化的风险.土壤盐分的离子组成上,阳离子以Ca2 为主,占全盐质景分数的11.0%～24.1%;阴离子以NO3-和SO42-为主,分别占全盐质量分数的8.9%～31.0%和10.9%～45.7%.研究结果可为控制土壤盐分累积、提高蔬菜生产能力及品质、保护和合理利用耕地资源,提供参考资料.     

内置转盘式膜-生物反应器处理污水的工艺条件研究

对内置转盘式膜-生物反应器(SRMBR)处理污水工艺进行了研究.进水COD 160～368 mg/L时,出水COD在运行1d后降低到20 mg/L以下,去除率大于90%;转盘式膜组件的转速在0～25 r/min范围内,平衡膜通量随转速增大而快速增加,继续增大转速则平衡膜通量的增加变得不显著;在一定范围(0～1min)内延长停抽时间有助于缓解膜污染;SRMBR在较低的气水比(15∶1)下运行,也可达到较高的平衡膜通量.研究表明,SRMBR在最佳组合操作条件(转速为25r/min,抽/停为9min/1min,气水比为15∶1,抽吸压力为25kPa)下运行,其平衡膜通量高达53.75L/(m²·h).     

Estimating total species using a weighted combination of expected mixture distribution component counts

Environmental and Ecological Statistics - In this paper we present a weighted mixture distribution component counts (MDCC) approach for estimating total number of species. The proposed method...     

Validation of Bacteroidales-based microbial source tracking markers for pig fecal pollution and their application in two rivers of North China

• Pig feces is the predominant excrement produced by animal husbandry in China. • The PF, Pig-1-Bac^TaqMan, and Pig-2-Bac^TaqMan MST assays showed better performance. • The pig-specific MST assays can contribute to managing the pig fecal pollution. In China, pig feces is the predominant source of excrement produced by animal husbandry. Improper use or direct discharge of pig feces can result in contamination of natural water systems. Microbial source tracking (MST) technology can identify the sources of fecal pollution in environmental water, and contribute to the management of pig fecal pollution by local environmental protection agencies. However, the accuracy of such assays can be context-dependent, and they have not been comprehensively evaluated under Chinese conditions. We aimed to compare the performance of five previously reported pig-specific MST assays (PF, Pig-Bac1^SYBR, Pig-Bac2^SYBR, Pig-1-Bac^TaqMan, and Pig-2-Bac^TaqMan, which are based on Bacteroidales 16S rRNA gene markers) and apply them in two rivers of North China. We collected a total of 173 fecal samples from pigs, cows, goats, chickens, humans, and horses across China. The PF assay optimized in this study showed outstanding qualitative performance and achieved 100% specificity and sensitivity. However, the two SYBR green qPCR assays (Pig-Bac1^SYBR and Pig-Bac2^SYBR) cross-reacted with most non-pig fecal samples. In contrast, both the Pig-1-Bac^TaqMan and Pig-2-Bac^TaqMan assays gave 100% specificity and sensitivity. Of these, the Pig-2-Bac^TaqMan assay showed higher reproducibility. Our results regarding the specificity of these pig-specific MST assays differ from those reported in Thailand, Japan, and America. Using the PF and Pig-2-Bac^TaqMan assays, a field test comparing the levels of pig fecal pollution in rivers near a pig farm before and after comprehensive environmental pollution governance indicated that pig fecal pollution was effectively controlled at this location.     

Precursors and potential sources of ground-level ozone in suburban Shanghai

• Air masses from Zhejiang Province is the major source of O₃ in suburban Shanghai. • O₃ formation was in VOC-sensitive regime in rural Shanghai. • O₃ formation was most sensitive to propylene in rural Shanghai. A high level of ozone (O₃) is frequently observed in the suburbs of Shanghai, the reason for this high level remains unclear. To obtain a detailed insight on the high level of O₃ during summer in Shanghai, O₃ and its precursors were measured at a suburban site in Shanghai from July 1, 2016 to July 31, 2016. Using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model and concentration weighted trajectories (CWT), we found that Zhejiang province was the main potential source of O₃ in suburban Shanghai. When the sampling site was controlled by south-western winds exceeding 2 m/s, the O₃-rich air masses from upwind regions (such as Zhejiang province) could be transported to the suburban Shanghai. The propylene-equivalent concentration (PEC) and ozone formation potential (OFP) were further calculated for each VOC species, and the results suggested that propylene, (m+p)-xylene, and toluene played dominant roles in O₃ formation. The Ozone Isopleth Plotting Research (OZIPR) model was used to reveal the impact of O₃ precursors on O₃ formation, and 4 base-cases were selected to adjust the model simulation. An average disparity of 18.20% was achieved between the simulated and observed O₃ concentrations. The O₃ isopleth diagram illustrated that O₃ formation in July 2016 was in VOC-sensitive regime, although the VOC/NO_x ratio was greater than 20. By introducing sensitivity (S), a sensitivity analysis was performed for O₃ formation. We found that O₃ formation was sensitive to propylene, (m+p)-xylene, o-xylene and toluene. The results provide theoretical support for O₃ pollution treatment in Shanghai.     

浮游动物DNA宏条形码标志基因比较研究

DNA宏条形码技术作为一种新型生物监测方法,在未来生态环境监测中有巨大的应用潜力。目前,浮游动物DNA宏条形码监测仍在发展阶段,需要首先对其(采样方法、引物选择和数据分析等)进行标准化和调整,然后才能用于常规流域生态监测。其中,如何选择合适的PCR扩增引物是DNA宏条形码生物监测标准化的关键问题之一。本研究比较了COI、18SV9和16S通用引物在浮游动物DNA宏条形码监测中的差异,为初步建立规范化的浮游动物DNA宏条形码监测方法提供技术支撑。结果表明,16S引物对浮游动物具有更好的特异性,其产生的操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)有88.1%属于浮游动物。虽然18SV9引物具有更高的物种覆盖度,不仅能扩增出浮游动物,还能扩增出大量藻类和真菌,但其物种识别敏感性较差,不适合浮游动物物种水平多样性监测。COI引物的浮游动物物种特异性、物种覆盖度和物种识别敏感性都适中,检出的浮游动物物种数量高于18SV9引物和16S引物,更加适合浮游动物DNA宏条形码监测。     

Air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the Yangtze River Delta region during 2014–2016

With rapid economic growth and urbanization, the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) region in China has experienced serious air pollution challenges. In this study, we analyzed the air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the YRD region during 2014–2016. In recent years, the concentrations of all air pollutants, except O_3,decreased. Spatially, the PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, and CO concentrations were higher in the northern YRD region, and NO_2 and O_3 were higher in the central YRD region. Based on the number of non-attainment days(i.e., days with air quality index greater than 100), PM_(2.5) was the largest contributor to air pollution in the YRD region, followed by O_3, PM_(10), and NO_2.However, particulate matter pollution has declined gradually, while O_3 pollution worsened.Meteorological conditions mainly influenced day-to-day variations in pollutant concentrations. PM_(2.5) concentration was inversely related to wind speed, while O_3 concentration was positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with relative humidity.The air quality improvement in recent years was mainly attributed to emission reductions.During 2014–2016, PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, NO_x, CO, NH_3, and volatile organic compound(VOC)emissions in the YRD region were reduced by 26.3%, 29.2%, 32.4%, 8.1%, 15.9%, 4.5%, and0.3%, respectively. Regional transport also contributed to the air pollution. During regional haze periods, pollutants from North China and East China aggravated the pollution in the YRD region. Our findings suggest that emission reduction and regional joint prevention and control helped to improve the air quality in the YRD region.     

珠江口海域3种重要有害藻类的溶血毒性研究

从珠江口海域分离、鉴定出3种重要有害藻类小普林藻JX12(Prymnesium parvum)、剧毒卡尔藻JX24(Karlodinium veneficum)、红色赤潮藻JX14(Akashiwo sanguinea),在实验室条件下研究了不同反应温度和pH值对小普林藻溶血活性的影响,在此基础上对海洋微藻溶血活性的测定方法进行了优化,并进一步分析比较了不同藻株以及不同生长时期溶血毒性的变化特征。研究结果显示,在实验温度范围内(4~50°C),小普林藻的溶血活性随温度的升高而增大,37℃为其最佳反应温度,pH 8和50 min为其最佳反应条件。不同生长时期的小普林藻溶血毒性具有显著差异,对数期溶血活性(5.67×10~(-7)HU·cell~(-1))显著高于稳定期(2.32×10~(-7)HU·cell~(-1))和衰亡期(3.40×10~(-7)HU·cell~(-1))。分离自珠江口海域的3种微藻均检测出溶血毒性,单个细胞溶血活性由强到弱分别为红色赤潮藻(976.20×10~(-7)HU·cell~(-1))、小普林藻(5.67×10~(-7)HU·cell~(-1))、剧毒卡尔藻(2.58×10~(-7)HU·cell~(-1))。值得注意的是,红色赤潮藻中国株JX14的单位细胞溶血活性显著高于美国株AS2,是后者的2倍以上。本研究首次确认珠江口海域红色赤潮藻、小普林藻和剧毒卡尔藻均具有较强的溶血毒性,这些有害藻类一旦形成赤潮可能对河口生态系统安全以及水产养殖业造成严重危害。