离子液体氯化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑对酵母细胞增殖生长和细胞膜通透性的影响

为探讨咪唑类离子液体氯化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑([C₈mim][Cl])对酵母细胞的增殖生长和细胞膜通透性的影响,以不同浓度的[C₈mim][Cl]处理酵母细胞,研究离子液体对酵母细胞增殖和菌落形成的影响,通过测定酵母细胞外液蛋白质和核酸的含量,判断膜通透性的大小和[C₈mim][Cl]对细胞膜性结构的损伤。结果显示,0.1 mmol·L^-1的[C₈mim][Cl]延长了酵母细胞到达对数生长期的时间,在6～9 h之间对酵母细胞的增殖存在明显的抑制作用。1 mmol·L^-1的[C₈mim][Cl]使酵母细胞增殖不能到达对数生长期,对酵母细胞的增殖一直具有较强的抑制作用。随着离子液体浓度的增加,小菌落的数量增多。当平板内[C₈mim][Cl]浓度达到10 mmol·L^-1时,完全抑制了菌落的形成。[C₈mim][Cl]处理酵母细胞后,细胞外液中OD₂₈₀、OD₂₆₀的值显著升高。研究表明,细胞膜等膜性结构通透性的增加是离子液体[C₈mim][Cl]抑制酵母细胞增殖生长的原因之一。     

中华圆田螺对沉积物中十溴联苯醚工业品DE-83的生物积累与转化

为研究沉积物中十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)的生物有效性,将淡水生态系统中常见的底栖动物中华圆田螺(Cipangopaludina cahayensis)暴露于商品DE-83(主要包含92%的BDE-209、6%的BDE-206、1.5%的BDE-207和0.5%的BDE-208)染毒的沉积物,进行60 d养殖实验。根据暴露期间中华圆田螺体内PBDEs含量与同系物组成的变化,探讨了田螺对DE-83的富集动力学、积累常数以及可能发生的生物转化。实验结果显示,DE-83主要同系物均能够被中华圆田螺积累,但是生物有效性非常低,BDE-209、BDE-207和BDE-206的吸收速率常数(k_s)为0.029～0.042 d^-1,BDE-207 > BDE-206 > BDE-209。依据动力学参数推算的生物-沉积物积累因子(BSAF)非常低,分别为0.05(BDE-209)和0.02(BDE-206和BDE-207)。暴露20 d后,中华圆田螺体内有低溴代同系物检出,其含量随暴露时间延长而增加,说明BDE-209在中华圆田螺体内发生了生物转化。     

Removal of sulfadiazine from aqueous solution on kaolinite

The adsorption of sulfadiazine onto kaolinite clay as an alternative adsorbent was examined in aqueous solution, hnpacts of the contact time, pH, temperature, ionic strength and coexistent surfactants on the adsorption process were evaluated. The pH significantly influenced the adsorption process, with adsorption being promoted at lower pH due to the cation exchange mechanism. Decreasing ionic strength in the solution was favorable for adsorption, and the addition of cationic and anionic surfactants had negative effects on the adsorption capacity of sulfadiazine on kaolinite. Kinetic experiments showed that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order model. The equilibrium adsorption was well described by both Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich （DR） models. According to the DR model, the adsorption mechanism was determined by cationic exchange and weak physical forces. The thermodynamic study showed that sulfadiazine adsorption onto kaolinite was a sponta- neous and endothermic reaction.     

武宁县森林扰动及驱动因子分析

森林扰动是影响陆地生态系统的重要因子,也是影响全球碳循环的重要因素.以江西省武宁县为例,利用1986-2011年14景Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像,通过扰动指数(disturbance index,DI)时间序列轨迹分析提取森林扰动信息,并引入经验正交函数(empirical orthogonal function,EOF)分解方法定量分析了森林扰动的时空变化规律,利用GIS深入分析了自然和社会驱动因子影响.结果表明,武宁县森林扰动在1986-1998年较强,扰动面积以1992年为最大,以地区性扰动为主;2000年以后则趋于平缓,扰动以砍伐和森林火灾为主;在空间上,扰动主要发生在近道路、低海拔、低坡度和近水地区,并受地形和交通的制约,城镇化逐渐成为该地区森林扰动的一个不可忽略的驱动因子.     

Geochemistry and health risk assessment of arsenic exposure to street dust in the zinc smelting district, Northeast China

The aim of this study was to investigate arsenic (As) accumulation in street dust and health risk of population. The investigation concentrated on: a. pollution levels of As in street dust; b. spatial distribution of As in street dust; c. physicochemical properties analysis of street dust; and d. assessment of population health risk due to As exposure to street dust. As concentration in street dust ranged from 3.33 to 185.1?mg?kg^?1, with a mean of 33.10?mg?kg^?1, which was higher than the background value of Liaoning soil. As contamination level of the area closing to Huludao Zinc Plant (HZP) was highest. Spatial variation showed that the pollution center was close to HZP, formed radial distribution pattern and extended to the northeast and southwest of HZP. The pH and organic matter of street dust were both higher than the background values of soil in Liaoning. There was significantly negative correlation between As concentration and the pH. The mass percentages of particles 180?C100,?<100?C75,?<75?C63, and?<63???m were 29.8, 3.7, 21.3, and 4.2?%, respectively. The highest of As concentration was found in the smallest particle size (<63???m). As loadings in the particles of grain size 180?C100 and?<75?C63???m were higher than other particle fractions. Results of the risk assessment indicated that the highest risk was associated with the ingestion of street dust particles. Health risk for different use scenarios to human decreased in the order of HZP?>?Industrial district?>?School?>?Commercial center?>?Residential area. Around HZP, Hazard Index (HI) for children and cancer risk of As by street dust exposure exceeded the acceptable values. It indicated that there was a potential adverse effect on children health by As exposure to the street dust of Huludao.     

Emission factors of gaseous carbonaceous species from residential combustion of coal and crop residue briquettes

Experiments were performed to measure the emission factors (EFs) of gaseous carbonaceous species, such as CO₂, CO, CH₄, and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), from the combustion of five types of coal of varying organic maturity and two types of biomass briquettes under residential burning conditions. Samples were collected in stainless steel canisters and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridges and were analyzed by GC-FID/MS and HPLC, respectively. The EFs from crop residue briquette burning were generally higher than those from coals, with the exception of CO₂. The dominant NMVOC species identified in coal smoke were carbonyls (41.7%), followed by C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons (29.1%) and aromatics (12.1%), while C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons were the dominant species (68.9%) emitted from the combustion of crop residue briquettes, followed by aromatics (14.4%). A comparison of burning normal crop residues in stoves and the open field indicated that briquettes emitted a larger proportion of ethene and acetylene. Both combustion efficiency and coal organic maturity had a significant impact on NMVOC EFs from burning coal: NMVOC emissions increased with increasing coal organic maturity but decreased as the combustion efficiency improved. Emissions from the combustion of crop residue briquettes from stoves occurred mainly during the smoldering process, with low combustion efficiency. Therefore, an improved stove design to allow higher combustion efficiency would be beneficial for reducing emissions of carbonaceous air pollutants.     

Fermentative hydrogen production from beet sugar factory wastewater treatment in a continuous stirred tank reactor using anaerobic mixed consortia

A low pH, ethanol-type fermentation process was evaluated for wastewater treatment and bio-hydrogen production from acidic beet sugar factory wastewater in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with an effective volume of 9.6 L by anaerobic mixed cultures in this present study. After inoculating with aerobic activated sludge and operating at organic loading rate (OLR) of 12 kgCOD?m^-3·d^-1, HRT of 8h, and temperature of 35°C for 28 days, the CSTR achieved stable ethanol-type fermentation. When OLR was further increased to 18 kgCOD?m^-3·d^-1 on the 53rd day, ethanol-type fermentation dominant microflora was enhanced. The liquid fermentation products, including volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ethanol, stabilized at 1493 mg·L^-1 in the bioreactor. Effluent pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and alkalinity ranged at 4.1–4.5, -250–(-290) mV, and 230–260 mgCaCO₃?L^-1. The specific hydrogen production rate of anaerobic activated sludge was 0.1 L?gMLVSS^-1·d^-1 and the COD removal efficiency was 45%. The experimental results showed that the CSTR system had good operation stability and microbial activity, which led to high substrate conversion rate and hydrogen production ability.     

广州市天河区2016年雨季挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

采用"GCMS/FID"在线分析方法,对广州市区2016年7月大气VOCs的污染特征及来源进行了研究,共检出了73种VOCs组分.结果表明,观测期间总VOCs的小时平均浓度为（118.83±79.40）μg·m^-3,最高值为492.42 μg·m^-3,最低值为10.54 μg·m^-3.07：00左右TVOC浓度出现高峰,说明早高峰的机动车污染对该站点的VOCs具有较大贡献;14：00左右浓度最低,与光化学损耗相关;21：00~24：00间VOCs浓度又出现高值,可能和污染源排放或边界层压缩有关.运用PMF模型解析出VOCs的5个主要来源分别是：交通污染源、溶剂使用污染、加油站污染、植物排放和餐厨废气,其贡献分别为29.79%、26.61%、24.86%、9.91%、8.84%;白天交通废气源贡献最大,而中午植物排放的贡献也明显增大;夜间溶剂污染源和加油站污染源占比上升,为该时段VOCs的主要来源.     

Atmospheric lead pollution in fine particulate matter in Shanghai, China

The Pb-monitoring program was extended for 6 years from 2002 to 2007 at 17 representative urban sites (6 traffic, 5 industrial, and 6 residential sites), and 3 suburban sites to assess the lead pollution in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) after phasing out leaded gasoline in Shanghai. Compared with Pb levels reported in other places, the Pb pollution in Shanghai is still serious after phasing out leaded gasoline, which remains at high concentration range (213–176 ng/m3) in PM2.5 in winter. Significant spati...     

生物炭添加和灌溉对温室番茄地土壤反硝化损失的影响

生物炭添加和灌溉是番茄地常用的田间管理措施,然而其对反硝化的影响还不清楚.本研究种植试验设置3个灌溉量水平分别为估算作物生育期需水量ET0的50%(W50%)、75%(W75%)、100%(W100%)和3个生物炭添加水平分别为B0(折合纯碳,0)、B25(折合纯碳,25 t·hm-2)、B50(折合纯碳,50 t·hm-2),在2014年和2015年番茄收获后,每个试验小区采集具有代表性的土样进行室内培养试验,采用乙炔抑制法来研究土壤的反硝化损失和不加乙炔研究N_2O的排放量.结果表明生物炭和灌溉量显著改变了土壤的理化性质.与B0相比,添加生物炭能够提高土壤全碳、全氮含量和pH值,降低铵态氮、硝态氮含量,而灌水量降低了土壤中全氮和全碳的含量.因此,与B0/W50%相比,B25/W75%和B50/W100%处理显著减少了反硝化损失量(P0.05).生物炭和灌溉量的交互作用对土壤无机氮含量和反硝化损失的影响均达到显著水平(P0.05),且对硝态氮的影响表现为灌溉量生物炭添加量两者交互作用,对铵态氮的影响表现为生物炭添加量灌溉量两者交互作用,对反硝化损失的影响表现为灌溉量生物炭添加量两者交互作用.反硝化损失量与土壤中无机氮含量、(CO_2-C)矿化量与N_2O排放量均呈正相关关系.不同生物炭添加量和灌溉量处理后明显影响了N_2O/DN(P0.05),培养结束时,各处理下的N_2O累积排放量/DN累积排放量差异较大,介于0.31%~1.88%.