Black and Smelly Waters: how citizen-generated transparency is addressing gaps in China’s environmental management

ABSTRACT

Information communication technologies (ICTs) generate new forums for transparency via governance-by-disclosure initiatives designed to improve environmental management and policy. Data generated by these programs are a means to empower citizens, narrowing the accountability gap between governments and people and enhancing public service. There is little empirical evidence, however, that supports the theory that citizen-generated data can be used to improve the accountability of local government officials. Citizen-led transparency efforts are emerging in China, as the country undergoes an information revolution that has brought ICTs to near ubiquity. We evaluate the transformative potential of a new ICT initiative, the ‘Black and Smelly Waters’ program, which China’s government launched to help enforce local government water remediation efforts. Many examples of citizen-generated transparency are grassroots initiatives, yet the Black and Smelly Waters program is distinct in its top-down structure. An empirical evaluation of preliminary data illuminates Black and Smelly Waters’s early successes and challenges as a means to generate transparency and accountability. We discuss these findings and propose a broad application of this new type of disclosure to reshape environmental management in China.     

安徽及邻区地震序列类型的判定及其分布特征

根据《大中城市震后趋势快速判定工作方案》制定指南,结合采用八五攻关成果中的一些新方法和历史地震资料,对安徽省及其邻近区域地震震型进行了判定,同时简要分析了其分布特征,以求在震后趋势判断上做些有效的工作。     

“十一五”辽宁省生活垃圾污染防治对策探讨

在分析辽宁省生活垃圾产生量逐年增加、组份日益复杂、生活垃圾混合收集，处理设施建设滞后等现状及问题的基础上，提出了“十一五”期间要树立“垃圾是放错位置的资源”的概念，以“减量化、无害化、资源化”为原则，通过实施循环经济，将垃圾最大化利用，同时进一步提出了“十一五”期间辽宁省生活垃圾污染防治的管理与工程对策。     

Chronotoxicological studies on dichlorphos in mice and humans

Chronotoxicological studies were performed with dichlorphos (DDVP) and its timing toxic effects on mice and humans. The circadian rhythms were revealed in the blood cholinesterase (ChE) activity in intact mice and normal persons, as well as in mice mortality treated at different daily times. The inverse relationship of the two rhythm suggested that the risk of exposure to DDVP might be much higher at evening hours than in other clocks of the day, and the disappearance of the ChE rhythms in DDVP-treated mice and DDVP-exposed workers implicated a disturbing effect of DDVP on the maintenance and regulation of the rhythmic mechanisms.     

2003年重大自然灾害回顾

2003年是全球自然灾害重灾年.根据收集到的全球自然灾害记录的数据,客观地对全球主要自然灾害的特征和分布特点进行了分析,并对其成因和发展趋势进行了初步探讨.     

重庆城市可持续发展能力的综合评价

城市是否可持续发展已成为人们关注的焦点,但如何测度和评价城市发展的可持续性尚无统一认识.从系统功能角度设计了城市可持续发展的指标体系,运用改进的熵值法对重庆市可持续发展能力进行了定量分析,结合递阶多层次综合评价模型得到相应的变化曲线,并评价了重庆市1994～2003年这10年间的可持续发展能力.     

两性水处理剂CGAC在1mol/LHCl中的缓蚀性能研究

研究了天然高分子改性两性水处理剂CGAC在1mol／LHCl中对A3钢的缓蚀性能，讨论了药剂投加量、温度和药剂在酸中存放时间对缓蚀性能的影响。结果表明药剂CGAC具有较好的缓蚀性能，在CGAC投加量为60mg／L时，缓蚀率达96．6％，且具有长效缓蚀性能。初步分析CGAC是吸附成膜型缓蚀剂，其吸附在金属表面后增大了腐蚀的表观活化能。     

炼油厂外排污水回用于绿化的研究初探

实验选用三种不同的源水,即大港地区的地下水、滦河水和炼油厂外排水,实验植物选用:一串红、藿香蓟。定期分别用三种源水浇灌植物,以考察两种植物生长情况和土壤离子浓度的变化。研究结果表明,炼油废水处理后用于绿化,在达标排放的情况下,对某些植物的生长有一定的促进作用。     

铁路局安全管理信息系统的研究与设计

铁路局安全管理信息系统是铁路现代化安全管理体系中安全信息综合应用的重要组成部分 ,是安全信息分析、安全决策的关键。通过对铁路局安全监控业务的分析及对铁路现有信息系统资源的利用 ,因地制宜地提出建立以铁路局为安全信息处理、分析的第一级信息中心 ,各个铁路分局为第二级信息中心 ,基层站段为信息输入终端的三级安全管理信息系统。信息系统在分布式数据库的基础上应用了一定的数学模型对保存的各类安全检查信息进行比较分析 ,从而使路局安全监察部门通过对上报的安全信息进行分析和预警 ,实现对安全隐患的监控和整改 ,形成闭环管理 ,力求把安全管理从传统的事后追踪变为事前的预防控制