微波耦合类Fenton处理水中对硝基苯酚

针对对硝基苯酚环境危害大、难生物降解的特点,为克服传统Fenton适用pH范围窄的缺点,制备了CuO催化剂,并对微波耦合类Fenton氧化对硝基苯酚溶液进行了实验研究,考察了H2O2投加量、催化剂投加量、微波功率、辐照时间、溶液初始pH对PNP去除效果的影响.结果表明,在H2O2和催化剂投加量分别为0.06mol/L和0.3g/L,微波功率125W,不调节溶液初始pH(约为6)的条件下,初始浓度为50mg/L的PNP溶液反应6min去除率达92%, TOC去除63%.比较不同氧化体系,得到微波能够增大微波耦合类Fenton体系中?OH的生成量,从而提高对PNP的去除率.实验表明,CuO催化微波耦合类Fenton作为一种新型类Fenton反应,能克服传统Fenton适用pH范围窄的局限性,并且显著提高反应效率,拓展了Fenton反应在废水处理中的应用.     

国内地下式污水处理厂的设计要点

对目前国内在建和已建的地下式污水处理厂的设计要点进行了研究和总结。研究表明：地下式污水厂的工艺选择一般有MBBR和MBR工艺,结构形式主要为伸缩缝设计和无缝设计两种,建筑防火分区一般为2 000 m^2或以上;消防可以采用自动灭火系统和消火栓系统,局部变电站采用气体灭火系统。地下式污水处理厂投资较高,约为地上污水厂的两倍,但占地面积远远小于地上污水处理厂,可以节省大量的土地成本,同时地上绿化增加了城市的环境效益和社会效益。     

Membrane-based treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater: The current state of knowledge

• Shale oil and gas production generates wastewater with complex composition. • Membrane technologies emerged for the treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater. • Membrane technologies should tolerate high TDS and consume low primary energy. • Pretreatment is a key component of integrated wastewater treatment systems. • Full-scale implementation of membrane technologies is highly desirable. Shale oil and gas exploitation not only consumes substantial amounts of freshwater but also generates large quantities of hazardous wastewater. Tremendous research efforts have been invested in developing membrane-based technologies for the treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater. Despite their success at the laboratory scale, membrane processes have not been implemented at full scale in the oil and gas fields. In this article, we analyze the growing demands of wastewater treatment in shale oil and gas production, and then critically review the current stage of membrane technologies applied to the treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater. We focus on the unique niche of those technologies due to their advantages and limitations, and use mechanical vapor compression as the benchmark for comparison. We also highlight the importance of pretreatment as a key component of integrated treatment trains, in order to improve the performance of downstream membrane processes and water product quality. We emphasize the lack of sufficient efforts to scale up existing membrane technologies, and suggest that a stronger collaboration between academia and industry is of paramount importance to translate membrane technologies developed in the laboratory to the practical applications by the shale oil and gas industry.     

如何应对液氯运输发生的泄漏事故

1引言 氯被人们在生活、生产中广泛使用.多用于自来水消毒、纸浆漂白、制溴、橡胶、油墨、颜料和农药等.然而氯的危险性更值得我们注意,如氯能与许多化学品如乙炔、乙醚、氢气等猛烈反应发生爆炸或生成爆炸性物质;人体吸入氯气会中毒,吸入极高浓度的氯气,可引起死亡;氯挥发性极强,空气中的水蒸汽即可与之反应生成盐酸雾及次氯酸,所到之处腐蚀物品、危害人体和动植物.由于目前相关防范措施还不完善,人们的安全意识还不够强等原因,时常有液氯泄漏事故发生,随之酿成人员中毒、爆炸等灾害性事故.因此如何利用现有的科学技术手段,及时准确采取应对液氯泄漏事故安全措施显得至关重要.     

Development and application of a comprehensive ecological risk assessment indicator system in Xiamen,China

Urban ecological risk is one of the important factors that may restrict the social and economic development. Therefore, it is of great significance to carry out a comprehensive assessment of ecological risks so that an ecological risk prevention and control plan can be scientifically formulated. In this paper, a comprehensive ecological risk assessment indicator system of Xiamen was established based on local ecological properties and socioeconomic status. This indicator system covers seven indicators including air pollution, soil pollution, water pollution, fresh water consumption, change in land use, occupation of key zones with ecological functions, and road network expansion. Based on this indicator system and in conjunction with the single factor assessment of ecological risks, this study constructed a model of comprehensive ecological risk assessment and forecasted the comprehensive ecological risk of Xiamen in 2020. The results showed that the comprehensive ecological risk level of Xiamen in 2020 is medium and the main stressors are the discharge of air and water pollutants. From the perspective of risk receptors, i.e. the ecosystem services, the risk posed to the ecosystem services associated to the maintenance of air quality and water purification is the highest. Therefore, this study proposed the recommendations on ecological risk prevention and regulation in Xiamen based on the comprehensive assessment of ecological risks, in the hope to provide scientific support for local ecological protection and sustainable development.     

铁改性掺氮碳纤维活化过一硫酸盐降解双酚A

通过静电纺丝制备了Fe和N掺杂改性的碳纳米纤维（Fe-N-CNF）,研究了该催化剂活化过一硫酸盐（PMS）降解双酚A（BPA）的性能.以聚丙烯腈为前驱体通过添加FeCl₃、尿素、NH₄Cl、均苯四甲酸二酐等配制溶胶进行静电纺丝,预氧化并高温碳化后获得Fe-N-CNF,研究了Fe-N-CNF投加量、PMS投加量、溶液初始pH对BPA降解效果的影响.结果表明,当Fe-N-CNF投加量为1 g·L^-1,PMS投加量为2 mmol·L^-1,初始pH为5时,30 min内对初始浓度为20 mg·L^-1 BPA的降解率可达100%.自由基淬灭实验和电子自旋共振波谱（ESR）分析证明,该体系中起主要作用的活性氧物种是O₂^·-和¹O₂.同时研究了Fe-N-CNF/PMS体系对多种有机污染物的降解效果.     

油茶果壳改性生物炭吸附性能及其耦合淹水对土壤Cd形态影响

研究选取湖南典型农业废弃物油茶果壳为原材料,尝试采用Na₂SiO₃溶液浸泡油茶果壳粉末方法,制备改性生物炭（MBC）,并开展不同生物炭材料对溶液中镉（Cd）的吸附与其耦合淹水对土壤中Cd的活性阻控性能研究.用扫描电镜（SEM）、比表面积测试（BET）和傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）等表征手段对生物炭的物理化学性质进行分析.结果显示,MBC相比未改性生物炭（BC）拥有更大的比表面积与更加丰富的官能团种类,且对溶液中Cd²⁺具有更强的吸附能力.土壤淹水实验结果表明,淹水可使土壤pH值升高,同时降低酸可溶态Cd组分含量,且随着淹水时间的延长,土壤酸可溶态Cd含量呈逐渐向残渣态转化趋势,而生物炭添加耦合淹水比淹水对照处理能明显进一步促进可溶态Cd向残渣态转化,降低酸可溶态Cd含量.酸可溶态Cd组分含量与生物炭的添加量呈显著负相关关系,淹水60 d时,5.0%添加量的MBC实验组土壤酸可溶态Cd含量约为0.33 mg·kg^-1,相比仅淹水的对照处理降幅约为45.0%.综上可知,硅酸钠溶液改性油茶果壳生物炭是一种Cd污染水土和土壤治理的新型有效材料,研究结果同时为油茶果壳的资源化途径提供了方法参考.     

Recycling combustibles from aged municipal solid wastes (MSW) to improve fresh MSW incineration in Shanghai: Investigation of necessity and feasibility

Aged municipal solid wastes (MSW) excavated from landfills and dumpsites were characterized to analyze their fraction composition, moisture content, and lower heat value (LHV). The necessity and feasibility of recycling combustibles from aged MSW to improve the incineration of fresh MSW were investigated. The results showed that combustibles in aged MSW were easily separated from other components and than LHV of the separated combustibles are higher than 11000 kJ/kg. The fresh MSW are of high moisture contents with average LHV below 6500 kJ/kg, making their stable combustion difficult to maintain in MSW incinerators. For both fresh MSW and aged MSW, plastics are the main contributor to their LHV. To improve incineration of fresh MSW that are characterized with low LHV, combustibles separated from aged MSW were made into refuse derived fuel (RDF) pellets and were then added to fresh MSW by 2% wt.–5% wt. LHV variation and air supply resistance change of the MSW layer on the incinerator grate caused by the addition of RDF was checked, and no significant changes were found. No obvious difference was observed for the ‘burn-out time’ between RDF pellets and fresh MSW either. RDF made from aged MSW combustibles is found to be a promising auxiliary fuel to improve the incineration of fresh MSW, and aged MSW from old landfill cells and dumpsites can be finally disposed of jointly with fresh MSW by recycling combustible from the former to be coincinerated with the latter in the incineration plants.     

不同退耕还草方式下宁夏南部山区土壤氮素转化速率与微生物变化的耦合关系

为了明确不同退耕还草方式下土壤养分转化的机理及其影响因素,以宁夏南部山区(下称宁南山区)天然草地、人工草地和撂荒地土壤为研究对象,运用PVC顶盖埋管法对3种类型草地土壤中氮素的净转化速率、微生物区系和氮素微生物生理群进行了研究,探讨土壤氮素净转化速率与微生物的关系. 结果表明:①在培养过程中,3种草地类型土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌数量平均值分别为9.6×105、3.8×104和4.0×101 CFU/g(以干土计),氮素微生物生理群数量表现为氨化细菌(4.5×104 CFU/g)>自生固氮菌(4.3×103 CFU/g)>硝化细菌(6.5×102 CFU/g)>反硝化细菌(3.9×102 CFU/g)>亚硝化细菌(1.7×102 CFU/g),其中,人工草地土壤中微生物数量最高;②细菌、真菌、反硝化细菌与亚硝化细菌数量的峰值均出现在培养第120天,放线菌和自生固氮菌数量的峰值均出现在第240天,硝化细菌数量的峰值出现在第60天,而氨化细菌数量在各类型草地土壤中出现峰值的时间不统一;③各类型草地土壤氮素的净矿化速率、净氨化速率、净硝化速率均在61~120 d内最低,净矿化速率与净硝化速率在181~240 d内最高,净氨化速率在241~360 d内最高,微生物固氮速率的峰值出现在121~180 d,最低值出现在241~360 d. 在该区土壤氮素转化速率与微生物数量紧密相关,土壤温度、土壤水分通过影响微生物数量而成为影响土壤氮素矿化的主要因素;土壤氮素的生物固持过程比有机氮矿化过程更为活跃;种植苜蓿的人工草地比天然草地和撂荒地更有利于微生物的繁殖与土壤氮素的矿化.      

Removing phosphorus from aqueous solutions by using iron-modified corn straw biochar

Iron-modified corn straw biochar was used as an adsorbent to remove phosphorus from agricultural runoff. When agricultural runoffs with a total phosphorus (TP) concentration of 1.86 mg·L⁻¹ to 2.47 mg·L⁻¹ were filtered at a hydraulic retention time of 2 h through a filtration column packed with the modified biochar, a TP removal efficiency of over 99% and an effluent TP concentration of less than 0.02 mg·L⁻¹ were achieved. The isotherms of the phosphorus adsorption by the modified biochar fitted the Freundlich equation better than the Langmuir equation. The mechanism of the phosphorus adsorbed by the modified biochar was analyzed by using various technologies, i.e. scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results indicated that the surface of the modified biochar was covered by small iron granules, which were identified as Fe₃O₄. The results also showed that new iron oxides were formed on the surface of the modified biochar after the adsorption of phosphorus. Moreover, new bonds of Fe-O-P and P-C were found, which suggested that the new iron oxides tend to be Fe₅(PO₄)₄(OH)₃. Aside from removing phosphorus, adding the modified biochar into soil also improved soil productivity. When the modified biochar-to-soil rate was 5%, the stem, root, and bean of broad bean plants demonstrated increased growth rates of 91%, 64%, and 165%, respectively.