抗生素在地下水系统中的环境行为及生态效应研究进展

抗生素在环境中的残留已引起广泛关注。随着对地下水污染的报道日益增多,抗生素对地下水系统的潜在影响不容忽视。本文系统地阐述了地下水中抗生素的来源、污染水平及迁移转化规律,总结了抗生素对地下水微生物群落的影响以及抗生素诱导产生的抗性基因的潜在污染趋势。因地下水赋存隐蔽,一旦污染难以及时察觉,抗生素进入地下水系统后易长期残留。目前,针对抗生素及抗性基因在地下水系统中的环境行为及生态效应研究还十分有限,本文据此指出了当前形势下开展相关研究的必要性,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

HPLC-MS/MS法同时测定近岸底栖生物中15种磺胺类抗生素残留量

采用液-液萃取和固相萃取方法处理生物样品,建立以ESI(+)和SRM为基础的快速检测15种磺胺的HPLC-MS/MS方法,并采用该方法对大连周边海域底栖生物中磺胺的残留状况进行了分析. 结果表明:近岸底栖生物中磺胺噻唑(STZ)、磺胺喹啉(SQX)、磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)和磺胺甲基异唑(SMZ)等检出率较高,质量分数为1.39～143.29 ng/g.说明在我国近岸底栖生物中已经有一定量的磺胺类抗生素的残留,并威胁到水生生物的安全,因此应加强对近岸海洋环境中抗生素残留的监测与管理.      

天津城市热岛及其对污染物扩散影响的数值模拟

城市热岛直接影响城市风场结构和污染物扩散路径,以能量平衡模式得到的地面温度作为下边界条件、中尺度气象模式MM5作初始场和侧边界条件,建立了天津市500 m的细网格城市边界层模式并用其研究天津市秋季热岛及其对污染物扩散的影响.结果表明,模式可以较好地模拟城市热岛现象,地面温度日变化规律及近地层的温度廓线与实际观测值较一致,能够反映夜间出现的逆温.模式成功地再现了城市温度场和流场的三维结构,结果表明17:00时热岛强度在地面最强,到300m存在个别的弱热岛中心,500m高度城郊不存在温度差异;地面高温中心有一个弱的辐合中心,直接影响污染物在城区的扩散,模拟的污染物浓度在地面较低,150～300 m高度最大.该研究结果可为了解天津地区局地气候的形成、污染物的扩散及城市规划提供参考和帮助.     

广东省应急响应对空气质量的影响特征

通过收集广东省21个地级市2016年1月1日～2020年12月31日的空气质量日数据,选择PM2.5、PM10、NO2和O3为空气质量代表指标,采用固定效应计量模型,分析广东省突发公共卫生事件应急响应对空气质量的影响特征.结果发现,与无应急响应等级时期相比,各应急响应等级下PM2.5、PM10和NO2浓度下降幅度范围分...     

基于灰色层次分析法的突发事件应急管理能力评价

突发事件的频发,使得对应急能力的评价备受关注。首先按照应急管理能力评价指标的选取原则,构建了突发事件应急管理能力评价指标体系。然后利用层次分析法确定各评价指标的权重系数,采用专家打分法建立评价指标集,运用灰色系统理论计算评分,进而建立了适用于突发事件应急管理能力的灰色层次分析评价模型。最后对某区域的突发事件应急管理能力进行实例分析,在定量计算的基础上,对其应急能力进行缺陷诊断,并提出措施建议,为完善应急能力提供科学有效的依据。     

微波耦合类Fenton处理水中对硝基苯酚

针对对硝基苯酚环境危害大、难生物降解的特点,为克服传统Fenton适用pH范围窄的缺点,制备了CuO催化剂,并对微波耦合类Fenton氧化对硝基苯酚溶液进行了实验研究,考察了H2O2投加量、催化剂投加量、微波功率、辐照时间、溶液初始pH对PNP去除效果的影响.结果表明,在H2O2和催化剂投加量分别为0.06mol/L和0.3g/L,微波功率125W,不调节溶液初始pH(约为6)的条件下,初始浓度为50mg/L的PNP溶液反应6min去除率达92%, TOC去除63%.比较不同氧化体系,得到微波能够增大微波耦合类Fenton体系中?OH的生成量,从而提高对PNP的去除率.实验表明,CuO催化微波耦合类Fenton作为一种新型类Fenton反应,能克服传统Fenton适用pH范围窄的局限性,并且显著提高反应效率,拓展了Fenton反应在废水处理中的应用.     

国内地下式污水处理厂的设计要点

对目前国内在建和已建的地下式污水处理厂的设计要点进行了研究和总结。研究表明：地下式污水厂的工艺选择一般有MBBR和MBR工艺,结构形式主要为伸缩缝设计和无缝设计两种,建筑防火分区一般为2 000 m^2或以上;消防可以采用自动灭火系统和消火栓系统,局部变电站采用气体灭火系统。地下式污水处理厂投资较高,约为地上污水厂的两倍,但占地面积远远小于地上污水处理厂,可以节省大量的土地成本,同时地上绿化增加了城市的环境效益和社会效益。     

Membrane-based treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater: The current state of knowledge

• Shale oil and gas production generates wastewater with complex composition. • Membrane technologies emerged for the treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater. • Membrane technologies should tolerate high TDS and consume low primary energy. • Pretreatment is a key component of integrated wastewater treatment systems. • Full-scale implementation of membrane technologies is highly desirable. Shale oil and gas exploitation not only consumes substantial amounts of freshwater but also generates large quantities of hazardous wastewater. Tremendous research efforts have been invested in developing membrane-based technologies for the treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater. Despite their success at the laboratory scale, membrane processes have not been implemented at full scale in the oil and gas fields. In this article, we analyze the growing demands of wastewater treatment in shale oil and gas production, and then critically review the current stage of membrane technologies applied to the treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater. We focus on the unique niche of those technologies due to their advantages and limitations, and use mechanical vapor compression as the benchmark for comparison. We also highlight the importance of pretreatment as a key component of integrated treatment trains, in order to improve the performance of downstream membrane processes and water product quality. We emphasize the lack of sufficient efforts to scale up existing membrane technologies, and suggest that a stronger collaboration between academia and industry is of paramount importance to translate membrane technologies developed in the laboratory to the practical applications by the shale oil and gas industry.     

如何应对液氯运输发生的泄漏事故

1引言 氯被人们在生活、生产中广泛使用.多用于自来水消毒、纸浆漂白、制溴、橡胶、油墨、颜料和农药等.然而氯的危险性更值得我们注意,如氯能与许多化学品如乙炔、乙醚、氢气等猛烈反应发生爆炸或生成爆炸性物质;人体吸入氯气会中毒,吸入极高浓度的氯气,可引起死亡;氯挥发性极强,空气中的水蒸汽即可与之反应生成盐酸雾及次氯酸,所到之处腐蚀物品、危害人体和动植物.由于目前相关防范措施还不完善,人们的安全意识还不够强等原因,时常有液氯泄漏事故发生,随之酿成人员中毒、爆炸等灾害性事故.因此如何利用现有的科学技术手段,及时准确采取应对液氯泄漏事故安全措施显得至关重要.     

Recycling combustibles from aged municipal solid wastes (MSW) to improve fresh MSW incineration in Shanghai: Investigation of necessity and feasibility

Aged municipal solid wastes (MSW) excavated from landfills and dumpsites were characterized to analyze their fraction composition, moisture content, and lower heat value (LHV). The necessity and feasibility of recycling combustibles from aged MSW to improve the incineration of fresh MSW were investigated. The results showed that combustibles in aged MSW were easily separated from other components and than LHV of the separated combustibles are higher than 11000 kJ/kg. The fresh MSW are of high moisture contents with average LHV below 6500 kJ/kg, making their stable combustion difficult to maintain in MSW incinerators. For both fresh MSW and aged MSW, plastics are the main contributor to their LHV. To improve incineration of fresh MSW that are characterized with low LHV, combustibles separated from aged MSW were made into refuse derived fuel (RDF) pellets and were then added to fresh MSW by 2% wt.–5% wt. LHV variation and air supply resistance change of the MSW layer on the incinerator grate caused by the addition of RDF was checked, and no significant changes were found. No obvious difference was observed for the ‘burn-out time’ between RDF pellets and fresh MSW either. RDF made from aged MSW combustibles is found to be a promising auxiliary fuel to improve the incineration of fresh MSW, and aged MSW from old landfill cells and dumpsites can be finally disposed of jointly with fresh MSW by recycling combustible from the former to be coincinerated with the latter in the incineration plants.