黄土丘陵区不同坡向对土壤微生物生物量和可溶性有机碳的影响

选取黄土高原丘陵沟壑区延河流域两个典型植被区(森林植被区、草原植被区)下相同植被不同坡向(阳坡、阴坡)的土样进行分析,研究了不同坡向土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物生物量氮(SMBN)、微生物生物量磷(SMBP)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)的含量及其相互关系.结果表明,森林植被区阳坡、阴坡0～10 cm土层SMBC分别为532.1～792.5 mg·kg-1、333.6～469.8 mg·kg-1,SMBN分别为53.66～87.31 mg·kg-1、47.58～61.38 mg·kg-1,两者均表现为阳坡高于阴坡,草原植被区SMBC分别为68.90～75.34 mg·kg-1、65.29～128.67 mg·kg-1,SMBN分别为13.94～18.61 mg·kg-1、13.00～20.10mg·kg-1,两者均表现为阴坡高于阳坡;两个植被区SMBP与SMBC、SMBN变化不一致;SMBC占SMBC与DOC之和(SMBC+DOC)的比例在森林植被区阳坡最高,达77.74%,在草原植被区按阴坡到阳坡、0～10 cm土层到10～30 cm土层的顺序依次递减.相同植被区不同坡向土壤水分、温度的差异对土壤微生物生物量产生重要影响,进而使SMBC占SMBC+DOC的比例不同,SMBC+DOC比SMBC更能反映土壤碳素有效性,森林植被区阴坡阳坡0～10 cm土层土壤微生物群落结构可能已发生明显改变.     

Efficacy of a Levulinic Acid Plus Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS)-Based Sanitizer on Inactivation of Influenza A Virus on Eggshells

Influenza A virus poses a major public health concern and is associated with annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. Influenza A H3N2 viruses, which are an important cause of human influenza, can infect birds and mammals. Contaminated undercooked poultry products including eggs with avian influenza virus constitute a possible risk of transmission to humans. In this study, a novel levulinic acid plus sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sanitizer was evaluated for eggshell decontamination. Influenza A H3N2 virus-inoculated chicken eggshells were treated with a 5 % levulinic acid plus 2 % SDS, 2 % levulinic acid plus 1 % SDS, and 0.5 % levulinic acid plus 0.5 % SDS liquid solution for 1 min. Log reductions of viable viruses were observed by plaque assay. The 5 % levulinic acid plus 2 % SDS sanitizer provided the greatest level of influenza A H3N2 virus inactivation (2.23 log PFU), and differences in virus inactivation were observed for the various levulinic acid plus SDS concentrations tested (P ≤ 0.05). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating influenza A H3N2 virus inactivation on eggshells using a novel levulinic acid plus SDS sanitizer. The sanitizer may be useful for reducing egg contamination and preventing the spread of avian influenza virus to humans.     

Accumulation and phytotoxicity of technical hexabromocyclododecane in maize

To investigate the accumulation and phytotoxicity of technical hexabromocyclododecane(HBCD)in maize,young seedlings were exposed to solutions of technical HBCD at different concentrations.The uptake kinetics showed that the HBCD concentration reached an apparent equilibrium within 96 hr,and the accumulation was much higher in roots than in shoots.HBCD accumulation in maize had a positive linear correlation with the exposure concentration.The accumulation of different diastereoisomers followed the orderγ-HBCDβ-HBCDα-HBCD.Compared with their proportions in the technical HBCD exposure solution,the diastereoisomer contribution increased forβ-HBCD and decreased forγ-HBCD in both maize roots and shoots with exposure time,whereas the contribution ofα-HBCD increased in roots and decreased in shoots throughout the experimental period.These results suggest the diastereomer-specific accumulation and translocation of HBCD in maize.Inhibitory effects of HBCD on the early development of maize followed the order of germination rateroot biomass≥root elongationshoot biomass≥shoot elongation.Hydroxyl radical(OH)and histone H2AX phosphorylation(γ-H2AX)were induced in maize by HBCD exposure,indicative of the generation of oxidative stress and DNA double-strand breaks in maize.An OH scavenger inhibited the expression ofγ-H2AX foci in both maize roots and shoots,which suggests the involvement of OH generation in the HBCD-induced DNA damage.The results of this study will offer useful information for a more comprehensive assessment of the environmental behavior and toxicity of technical HBCD.     

Water uptake of multicomponent organic mixtures and their influence on hygroscopicity of inorganic salts

The hygroscopic behaviors of atmospherically relevant multicomponent water soluble organic compounds(WSOCs) and their effects on ammonium sulfate(AS) and sodium chloride were investigated using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer(HTDMA) in the relative humidity(RH) range of 5%–90%. The measured hygroscopic growth was compared with predictions from the Extended-Aerosol Inorganics Model(E-AIM) and Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson(ZSR) method. The equal mass multicomponent WSOCs mixture containing levoglucosan, succinic acid, phthalic acid and humic acid showed gradual water uptake without obvious phase change over the whole RH range. It was found that the organic content played an important role in the water uptake of mixed particles.When organic content was dominant in the mixture(75%), the measured hygroscopic growth was higher than predictions from the E-AIM or ZSR relation, especially under high RH conditions. For mass fractions of organics not larger than 50%, the hygroscopic growth of mixtures was in good agreement with model predictions. The influence of interactions between inorganic and organic components on the hygroscopicity of mixed particles was related to the salt type and organic content. These results could contribute to understanding of the hygroscopic behaviors of multicomponent aerosol particles.     

废弃物焚烧飞灰中持久性自由基与二噁英及金属的关联探究

环境持久性自由基稳定性强,在二噁英生成反应中发现其存在.为了研究实际废弃物焚烧飞灰中持久性自由基的特性,对6个不同焚烧厂布袋飞灰分别进行了持久性自由基、二噁英以及金属检测,结果表明天津医疗废物焚烧飞灰、江西南昌生活垃圾焚烧飞灰和浙江兰溪生活垃圾焚烧产生的碳黑、炉渣都含有持久性自由基.其中天津样品信号最强,检测到羟基自由基、以碳原子为中心的自由基及半醌类自由基3种信号.对比各个样品的二噁英毒性当量(以I-TEQ计)发现,江西南昌飞灰样品的最高,高达7.229 4 ng·g~(-1),而自由基信号最强的天津样品的二噁英毒性当量却仅有0.092 8 ng·g~(-1),自由基信号强弱与二噁英含量并未表现出明显的数值关系.同时样品中持久性自由基自旋浓度随着金属质量分数比重的升高也呈现升高趋势,以Al、Fe、Zn变化情况最为明显,可见自由基信号强弱与金属存在一定的关联性.此外,Zn在天津样品中含量最高(0.813 7%),是其他样品的数倍,同时该样品含有较高浓度的以氧为中心的自由基,可以推测金属Zn对持久性自由基的形成影响较大,且易形成半衰期长的自由基类型.     

基于三维风险函数的电力生产事故隐患分级方法研究

为了构建科学有效的事故隐患排查治理长效机制,实现电力生产事故隐患分级监管,基于风险管理理论,在可能性和严重性的基础上,提出风险评价敏感性因素,建立电力生产事故隐患定性三维分级模型和风险定量分级模型。通过调研并结合专家意见以及电力企业实际,建立了电力生产事故隐患风险评估指标体系,使用层次分析法(AHP)计算了配电作业的各指标权重。参考国内现有的事故隐患分级标准,结合风险可接受准则将电力生产事故隐患风险等级划分为4级,为电力企业提供隐患风险分级标准,促进电力生产事故隐患快速分级。     

合肥遥测地震台网ICP系统集成

阐述了合肥遥测台网ICP系统的工作原理,并对该系统的各个软件包进行了介绍.ICP系统的运行,增强了合肥遥测地震台网的监测能力,也为研究人员对数字化地震波的研究起了很大的作用.     

北京夏季典型天气TSP组成和来源对比

于2005年7月选择分别受北方冷空气、海上高压和地方性山谷风影响的3个天气过程条件下,在北京市区和郊区采集了23个大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,并采用扫描电镜-X射线能谱技术,根据单颗粒尺度、形貌、特征化学组成解析出各类源对颗粒数浓度的贡献.结果发现:有机/碳质颗粒(占总颗粒数的31.3%,下同)和矿物颗粒(占29.5%)为优势种类,二次源颗粒占10.6%,燃煤飞灰占7.2%,燃煤、机动车排放和建筑施工产生的3类颗粒占4.1%～6.5%.3种天气下颗粒组成特征鲜明,来源差别明显:①冷空气影响下空气质量最好,TSP样品中粒径小于1.0 μm和大于5.0 μm颗粒较多,一次源处于绝对主导地位(占90%);②海上高压控制天气下,粒径为1.0～2.5 μm的颗粒大幅度增加,有大量的次生粒子生成(占10%～20%);③地方性天气中颗粒质量浓度偏高,粒径小于1.0 μm和1.0～2.5 μm颗粒所占比例均较高,但有机/碳质颗粒比例减少, 其他次要种类颗粒增多.市区人为源颗粒的种类最多,对郊区影响明显.      

室内空气污染现状及处理方法的探讨

随着人们生活水平的不断提高和生活方式的改变,人们在室内生活的时间越来越长,据统计,人一生中70%左右的时间在室内度过,人均日吸入空气12立方米,而城市居民每天约70%～90%的时间在各种室内环境度过。因此,室内空气质量的优劣直接影响到人们的工作和生活,也直接影响到人体的健康。本文主要讨论目前中国室内空气污染的现状、主要污染物的来源及危害,提出了相应的处理方法。     

Kinetic study of the gas-phase reaction of O3 with three unsaturated alcohols

Rate constants for the reactions of ozone with 1-octen-3-ol, 1-nonen-3-ol and 1-nonen-4-ol have been determined at 298 ± 1 K and atmospheric pressure for the first time. The experiments were performed in a 100-L FEP Teflon film bag using absolute rate method; the rate constants were(1.91 ± 0.19) × 10~(-17),(1.89 ± 0.20) × 10~(-17), and(0.83 ± 0.08) × 10~(-17)cm~3/(molecule·sec) for 1-octen-3-ol, 1-nonen-3-ol, and 1-nonen-4-ol, respectively. The rate constants have been compared with those of unsaturated alcohols structural homologs, and used to estimate the reaction reactivity. The electronegativity of carbon–carbon double bond was calculated by atomic charges analysis. The calculated results show that the electronic effect of the lone pair electrons of hydroxyl oxygen is the main cause of the difference in rate coefficient. According to the obtained rate constants, the atmospheric lifetimes of studied unsaturated alcohols were also estimated, which indicates that the reaction with ozone is an important loss pathway in the atmosphere, especially in polluted areas.