Removal characteristics of microplastics by Fe-based coagulants during drinking water treatment

Microplastics have caused great concern worldwide recently due to their ubiquitous presence within the marine environment. Up to now, most attention has been paid to their sources, distributions, measurement methods, and especially their eco-toxicological effects. With microplastics being increasingly detected in freshwater, it is urgently necessary to evaluate their behaviors during coagulation and ultrafiltration (UF) processes. Herein, the removal behavior of polyethylene (PE), which is easily suspended in water and is the main component of microplastics, was investigated with commonly used Fe-based salts. Results showed that although higher removal efficiency was induced for smaller PE particles, low PE removal efficiency (below 15%) was observed using the traditional coagulation process, and was little influenced by water characteristics. In comparison to solution pH, PAM addition played a more important role in increasing the removal efficiency, especially anionic PAM at high dosage (with efficiency up to 90.9%). The main reason was ascribed to the dense floc formation and high adsorption ability because of the positively charged Fe-based flocs under neutral conditions. For ultrafiltration, although PE particles could be completely rejected, slight membrane fouling was caused owing to their large particle size. The membrane flux decreased after coagulation; however, the membrane fouling was less severe than that induced by flocs alone due to the heterogeneous nature of the cake layer caused by PE, even at high dosages of Fe-based salts. Based on the behavior exhibited during coagulation and ultrafiltration, we believe these findings will have potential application in drinking water treatment.     

北京秋冬季大气氨观测研究

利用差分光学吸收光谱技术,对北京市北郊的大气氨进行了近2个月的观测.结果显示,在秋冬季节,北京大气氨的浓度为（12.89±10.12）×10^-9（part per billion）,观测期间的小时浓度最大值为49.71×10^-9.氨浓度的日变化呈现出白天低、夜晚高的特征,在早高峰时间,氨有明显的一个峰值浓度.另外,氨与NO₂、CO、PM_2.5和PM₁₀之间相关性分别为0.845、0.824、0.821和0.598,明显高于春季,说明秋冬季北京大气氨受机动车排放影响明显.气象要素对氨 浓度明显影响,风速、气压和相对湿度与氨的关联性较高,相比而言,氨与气温关联性较低,说明秋冬季低温环境下,土壤排放、垃圾存储堆场和人体排泄物等排放对大气氨浓度影响较小.     

贡湖湾退渔还湖区的基底稳定性的时空特征

2012年11月至2014年5月期间季度性对无锡贡湖湾退渔还湖生态修复工程进行跟踪调查与检测,就贡湖湾湿地土壤环境退渔还湖修复工程前后的理化性质进行了分析比较,用以评估修复工程实施后退渔还湖区基底的改善效果.结果表明:退渔还湖区内基底化学性质,有机质、总氮、总磷比退渔还湖初期分别提高241.59%、98.61%和162.86%.其中,有效氮和有效磷的均值为102.31 mg/kg和15.10 mg/kg,满足土壤养分分级标准Ⅲ级标准.有关基底稳定性物理性质与退渔还湖初期相比,土壤容重减少17.84%,pH值稳定在5.8~6.5之间,土壤缓冲能力明显提高,修复区南部(人为种植植物)的土壤团聚体稳定性恢复状况最好,西部(自然恢复)次之,北部(基底状况差,无植物种植)恢复状况低于前述两区.总之,贡湖退渔还湖修复区在经过17个月后,其基底的整体质量趋于良好,土壤各项养分及团聚体稳定性指标逐步达到合理水平,土壤环境已具有良好的生态功能.     

厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的快速培养与形成机理

利用反硝化颗粒污泥掺杂少量厌氧氨氧化污泥启动厌氧氨氧化反应器,掺杂体积比为10:1,旨在快速启动厌氧氨氧化反应器并培养厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥。结果表明,反应器连续运行60 d,成功培养出厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥。反应器启动可分为细胞自溶期、活性提高期以及活性稳定期3阶段,细胞自溶期,颗粒污泥大量裂解,PN/PS由0.6升高到1.25,VSS/SS由0.45降低至0.38。活性提高期,PN/PS比值降低,VSS/SS比值回升。反应器进入活性稳定期,NH4-N、NO2-N、NO3-N 3种氮素转化比率维持在理论值1:1.32:0.26左右,PN/PS比值继续降低至0.6,VSS/SS比值回升至0.41。培养过程中污泥颜色由黑经棕逐渐变为红色,内部有大量类似于厌氧氨氧化菌的球型菌和椭球型菌。     

淹水条件下蚕沙复配材料对酸性水稻土中镉铅钝化的影响

通过室内淹水土培实验,研究蚕沙配施蚕沙炭、膨润土、腐殖质钾和泥炭对酸性水稻土中镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）的钝化效果,从土壤pH、有机质、有效态Fe、Mn含量变化初步探析蚕沙复配材料对镉、铅的钝化机制。结果表明,蚕沙复配材料均不同程度地提高了土壤pH和有机质含量,有效态Cd、Pb的含量随着淹水时间的延长都有不同程度的降低。培养28 d后,与对照相比,添加了蚕沙+蚕沙炭（CB）、蚕沙+腐殖质钾（CF）、蚕沙+蚕沙炭+腐殖质钾（CBF）、蚕沙+泥炭（CN）处理的土壤有效态Cd分别降低了16.07%、15.51%、11.08%、7.76%,有效态Pb则降低了32.54%、27.12%、37.72%、42.31%。其中蚕沙+蚕沙炭（CB）对镉的钝化效果最好,蚕沙+泥炭（CN）处理对铅的钝化效果最好,综合来看,CB和CN处理同时对镉铅有很好的钝化效果,可以作为镉铅复合污染土壤的修复材料。相关分析结果显示,土壤的pH、有机质与有效态Cd、Pb含量均呈显著负相关关系,表明蚕沙复配材料对土壤中镉、铅的钝化作用可以通过提高土壤的pH、有机质含量来实现。     

Variation on leaching behavior of caustic compounds in bauxite residue during dealkalization process

Bauxite residue,a byproduct of alumina manufacture,is a serious environmental pollutant due to its high leaching contents of metals and caustic compounds.Four typical anions of CO₃^2-,HCO₃^-,Al(OH)₄^- and OH-(represented caustic compounds) and metal ions(As,B,Mo and V) were selected to assess their leaching behavior under dealkalization process with different conditions including liquid/solid ratio(L/S ratio),temperature and leaching...     

Characteristics and ozone formation potential of volatile organic compounds in emissions from a typical Chinese coking plant

Coking industry is an important volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emission source in China,however,detailed information on VOCs emissions is lacking.Therefore,we selected a typical mechanized coking plant and collected air samples according to the Emission Standard of Pollutants for Coking Chemical Industry(GB16171-2012).Using gas chromatographymass spectrometry method,we analyzed the VOCs in the air samples,and applied maximum increment reactivity(MIR) rule to estimate ozone formation potential(...     

3种β-内酰胺类抗生素对大型溞毒性影响的研究

该研究选取阿莫西林、头孢哌酮、氨曲南3种β-内酰胺类抗生素对大型溞进行急性毒性实验和慢性毒性实验,结合大型溞的各项生命指标探讨了β-内酰胺类抗生素对大型溞的毒性效应。结果表明,阿莫西林、头孢哌酮、氨曲南对大型溞的半数致死浓度分别为129.30、141.11、29.30 mg/L。与对照组相比,3种β-内酰胺类抗生素使大型溞首次产溞时间、首次怀卵时间都呈一定的延后趋势,其每代产溞数、产溞代数、存活时间、产溞总数都有减少的趋势。相比于其他2种抗生素,氨曲南对大型溞各项生命指标的影响程度最大。3种抗生素对大型溞的毒性为氨曲南>阿莫西林>头孢哌酮。     

热活化过二硫酸盐改善污泥-餐厨垃圾厌氧消化物脱水性能

为了解热活化过硫酸盐氧化对污泥-餐厨垃圾厌氧消化物脱水性能的影响,以毛细吸水时间(CST)、过二硫酸盐(PDS)分解速率、自由基产生种类、胞外聚合物(EPS)组分含量以及厌氧消化物的微观形貌等观察指标,比较了不同温度条件下(50～80℃)的热活化PDS氧化对脱水性能的影响,并探讨了其作用机理.结果表明,热活化PDS氧化...     

投加介体对污水低温生物反硝化除磷的影响及磷形态变化

污水生物反硝化除磷可以克服传统生物脱氮除磷工艺碳源不足的缺点,利用硝酸盐代替氧气作为电子受体,同时进行脱氮除磷和有机物去除,实现“一碳两用”,但是低温会降低反硝化除磷效率。在低温(10±1) ℃条件下,利用序批式反应器(SBR)(90 min厌氧,330 min缺氧,1^#(空白对照)和2^#(投加介体)),投加氧化还原介体1,2-萘醌-4-磺酸盐(NQS),研究了反硝化除磷效率的变化。结果表明：相较于空白对照实验,投加介体NQS强化了污水低温生物反硝化除磷效果,总氮去除率从37.67%提高至51.47%,提高了1.37倍;总磷去除率从53.45%提高至96.50%,提高了1.81倍。此外,研究还发现介体NQS的投加促进了水中磷酸盐形成有机磷(Org-P)的过程,污泥中磷的主要形态是可溶性磷(SRP)和Org-P,最大含量分别为35.78 mg∙L⁻¹和51.09 mg∙L⁻¹;空白对照反应器污泥中磷的主要形态是SRP和Fe-P,最大含量分别为45.61 mg∙L⁻¹和40.67 mg∙L⁻¹。以上研究结果可为低温条件下提高污水生物反硝化除磷效果提供参考。