基于摩擦纳米发电机的微塑料实时检测实验研究

采用基于自供电的摩擦纳米发电机(TENG)技术,设计开发了一种利用间断液柱检测水样内微塑料颗粒尺寸和丰度的实时快速检测方法和装置,并通过实验测试完成了对微塑料的尺寸形貌表征和化学元素组成的实时高效检测.研究发现,去离子水中加入微塑料颗粒时,溶液中zeta电位降低,改变了管壁表面的极化电场方向;随着水溶液中微塑料颗粒直径或丰度的增加,开路电压呈现减小趋势,50μm时减小了43.1%,0.250%浓度时减小了79.6%;微塑料颗粒对自来水的开路电压影响显著,以10μm微塑料颗粒为例,开路电压减小了20%,证明了TENG技术对海洋微塑料检测的可行性.     

Competing pathways of cresol formation in toluene photooxidation: OH-toluene adducts react with NO2 or with O2?

Methyl-hydroxy-cyclohexadienyl radicals (OTAs) are the key products of the photooxidation of toluene, with implications for the fate of toluene. Hence, we investigated the photooxidation mechanisms and kinetics of three main OTAs (o-OTA, m-OTA, and p-OTA) with NO₂ using quantum chemical calculations as well as the fate of OTAs under the different concentration ratios of NO₂ and O₂. The mechanism results show that the pathway of H-abstraction by NO₂ to anti-HONO (anti-H-abstraction) is more favorable than the syn-H-abstraction pathway, because the strong interaction between OTAs and NO₂ is formed in the transition states of the anti-H-abstraction pathways. The branching ratios of the anti-H-abstraction pathways are more than 99% in the temperature range of 216−298 K. The total rate constant of the OTA-NO₂ reaction is 9.9 × 10⁻¹² cm³/(molecule∙sec) at 298 K, which is contributed about 90% by o-OTA + NO₂, and the main products are o-cresol and anti-HONO. The half-lives of the OTA-NO₂ reaction in some polluted areas of China are 35 times longer than those of the OTA-O₂ reaction. In the atmosphere, the NO₂- and O₂- initiated reactions of OTAs have the same ability to form cresols as [NO₂] is up to 142.1 ppmV, which is impossible to achieve. It implies that under the experimental condition, the [NO₂]/[O₂] should be controlled to be less than 7.8 × 10⁻⁵ to simulate real atmospheric oxidation of toluene. Our results reveal that for the photooxidation of toluene, the yield of cresol is not affected by the concentration of NO₂ under the atmospheric environment.     

Response of PM2.5-bound elemental species to emission variations and associated health risk assessment during the COVID-19 pandemic in a coastal megacity

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is disrupting the world from many aspects. In this study, the impact of emission variations on PM_2.5-bound elemental species and health risks associated to inhalation exposure has been analyzed based on real-time measurements at a remote coastal site in Shanghai during the pandemic. Most trace elemental species decreased significantly and displayed almost no diel peaks during the lockdown. After the lockdown, they rebounded rapidly, of which V and Ni even exceeded the levels before the lockdown, suggesting the recovery of both inland and shipping activities. Five sources were identified based on receptor modeling. Coal combustion accounted for more than 70% of the measured elemental concentrations before and during the lockdown. Shipping emissions, fugitive/mineral dust, and waste incineration all showed elevated contributions after the lockdown. The total non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) for the target elements exceeded the risk threshold for both children and adults with chloride as the predominant species contributing to HQ. Whereas, the total carcinogenic risk (TR) for adults was above the acceptable level and much higher than that for children. Waste incineration was the largest contributor to HQ, while manufacture processing and coal combustion were the main sources of TR. Lockdown control measures were beneficial for lowering the carcinogenic risk while unexpectedly increased the non-carcinogenic risk. From the perspective of health effects, priorities of control measures should be given to waste incineration, manufacture processing, and coal combustion. A balanced way should be reached between both lowering the levels of air pollutants and their health risks.     

The Stakeholder Preference for Best Management Practices in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region

A qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with 92 farmers and 42 policy managers in Wuxi County, the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, was conducted to identify stakeholder preferences for alternative best management practices (BMPs) and to determine the factors that affect their acceptance. Policy manager support for most of the practices was relatively stronger than support by farmers, except for the grade stabilization structure (GSS), hillside ditch (HD) and constructed wetland alternative, owing to their perceptions of soil benefits, economic advantages and environmental advantages. Farmers opposed those practices that occupied cultivated lands or changed the conventional planting methods, such as field border, conservation tillage (CT) and contour buffer strips. They tended to accept the BMPs with off-farm pollution reduction, such as GSS, riparian forest buffer and HD, and the BMPs associated with soil benefits, such as nutrient management and Terrace. The result that almost all respondents did not accept CT differed from reports in the existing literature. There is a significant correlation between the acceptance of some BMPs and the townships where the farmers lived (P ≤ 0.05). The environmental conditions and social factors would affect farmer support for BMPs, including local soil conditions, farming methods, economic income, education level and age. The economic advantages of the BMPs were the main motivation for farmers to accept the practices. Furthermore, intensive education efforts, financial incentives or economic subsidies may promote the adoption of the BMPs in our study area.     

结合激光雷达观测与模式模拟的雾霾区域传输分析

以一次2015年1月3日至5日发生在中国中东部地区的严重雾霾事件为例,综合地基微脉冲激光雷达观测和WRF-Chem模式模拟的方法,揭示雾霾事件过程中的气溶胶颗粒物的跨区域传输特征。研究表明,徐州站点的激光雷达探测到1～3 km的外来颗粒物输入,在两次输入过程中,对当地总的气溶胶光学厚度贡献分别为43%和69%。WRF-Chem模式能够有效模拟预报PM_(2.5)浓度,但实测浓度为高值的区域出现低估现象。徐州地区在冬季易受来自山东西部、河南东部以及安徽北部的污染物的影响而引发雾霾,该区域需加强协作、联防联控。近年来我国冬季高空的风向具有规律性,且风速在逐年加快,雾霾从华北地区向华东地区的传输可能将变成常态。     

淮河流域(河南段)水质时空变化特征及其与土地利用类型的关系

水质的定量评估有利于地方政府制定和实施水污染防治政策.为研究近期淮河流域行政区划尺度上水质的时空变化特征及其受土地利用类型的影响,以淮河流域（河南段）为研究区,根据2009-2017年31个水质站点的水质周测浓度,结合土地利用遥感监测数据,利用季节性Mann-Kendall趋势检验法及Spearman相关分析法,对ρ（COD_Cr）、ρ（NH₄+-N）和ρ（TP）的时空变化特征及其与土地利用类型的相关性进行分析.结果表明:①在时间上,ρ（COD_Cr）、ρ（NH₄+-N）和ρ（TP）在大部分地区呈下降趋势,但各水质指标依然较高,ρ（COD_Cr）和ρ（TP）在丰水期略高于枯水期,ρ（NH₄+-N）在枯水期高于丰水期.②在空间上,水污染比较严重的有沱河、浍河、惠济河、涡河、贾鲁河、清潩河、颍河中游、黑茨河、汾泉河和洪汝河,大部分站点为GB 3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅳ类或Ⅴ类水质,部分站点甚至属于GB 3838-2002劣Ⅴ类水质;而颍河上游、北汝河、沙河、淮河干流及史灌河的水质较好,基本属于GB 3838-2002Ⅰ类或Ⅱ类水质.③土地利用类型与水质之间的相关性表现为ρ（COD_Cr）、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（TP）与旱地和城镇面积占比均呈正相关,与林地、草地和荒地面积占比均呈负相关,与水域面积占比也呈负相关但不显著.研究显示,淮河流域（河南段）水质有所改善,但部分地区水污染问题仍然比较严重,旱地与城镇用地是造成研究区水污染的主要原因,林地、草地、荒地和水域能够缓解水污染.      

Brominated dioxins and furans in a cement kiln co-processing municipal solid waste

A field study and theoretical calculations were performed to clarify the levels, profiles, and distributions of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PBDD/Fs) in a cement kiln co-processing solid waste, with a focus on the PBDF formation mechanism.The raw materials contributed greatly to input of PBDD/Fs into the cement kiln. The PBDD/F concentrations in the raw materials were much higher than those in particle samples from different process stages in the cement kiln. The PBDD/F concentrations in the clinkers were1.40% of the concentrations in the raw materials, which indicated that the high destruction efficiencies for PBDD/Fs by cement kiln. PBDD/F distribution patterns in particle samples collected from different process stages indicated the cement kiln backend was a major site for PBDD/F formation. PBDFs with high levels of halogenation, such as heptabrominated furans(Hp BDF), were the dominant contributors to the total PBDD/F concentrations and accounted for 42%–73% of the total PBDD/F concentrations in the particle samples. Our results showed that co-processing of municipal solid waste in a cement kiln may influence the congener profile of PBDD/Fs, especially for the higher halogenated PBDD fraction. In addition, there were significant correlations between the decabromodiphenyl ether and heptabrominated furan concentrations, which is an indicator of transformation from polybrominated diphenyl ethers to PBDD/Fs. Theoretical calculations were performed and demonstrated that elimination of HBr and Br_2 from polybrominated diphenyl ethers were the dominant formation pathways for PBDD/Fs. These pathways differed from that for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs).     

底物和中间产物对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化污泥表面张力、黏度和发泡潜能的影响

餐厨垃圾厌氧消化(Anaerobic digestion,AD)系统中含有大量具有表面活性的物质,这些物质的存在会改变厌氧消化污泥的表面张力及发泡潜能,甚至诱发严重的泡沫现象.了解这些物质对污泥表面性质和发泡潜能的影响,对预防厌氧消化系统泡沫的产生和过程恢复具有重要意义.因此,本文以餐厨垃圾中温厌氧消化污泥为研究对象,分别考察不同浓度的底物和中间代谢产物的单组分及其组合对污泥表面张力、黏度、发泡趋势(Foam tendency,FT)和泡沫稳定性(Foam stability,FS)的影响.结果表明,污泥的表面张力、黏度与污泥的发泡趋势、泡沫稳定性之间并没有一致的相关性,确定污泥发泡潜能的最佳方法是测定污泥的发泡趋势和泡沫稳定性.在餐厨垃圾厌氧消化反应体系中,油酸和明胶可以大幅提高污泥的发泡趋势和泡沫稳定性,因此,认为这两种物质的存在是潜在的主要泡沫诱发因子.玉米油的存在能够降低污泥的表面张力和发泡趋势,可能对系统产生的泡沫具有抑制作用.乙酸、淀粉、蛋白胨也能提高污泥发泡趋势,但却不能强化污泥的泡沫稳定性.研究结论可以为实际工程提供理论支撑,并为餐厨垃圾厌氧消化遇到泡沫问题提供解决思路.