ZnCl_2/CuCl_2复合活化剂制备污泥活性炭及其分形研究

以污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料,以氯化锌和氯化铜为复合活化剂,采用低温炭化及中温活化方法制备了污泥活性炭。经正交优化得到最佳制备条件为:活化温度为534℃,活化时间为60 min,ZnCl2浓度为3.0 mol/L,CuCl2浓度为0.3 mol/L,碘吸附值达到534.0 mg/g。所得污泥活性炭含有大量微孔,同时也含有部分中孔和大孔,BET比表面积为784.89 m2/g,Langmuir比表面积为1 053.69 m2/g;利用污泥活性炭吸附制药废水,实验结果符合Freundlich方程,由此建立的分形吸附模型证明制备的污泥活性炭具有分形特征,其分形维数越高,则粗糙度越大,碘吸附值越高。     

锰氧化物-阳离子交换树脂复合材料的制备及其对水中重金属的吸附性能

采用原位沉淀-空气氧化法将锰氧化物负载于大孔强酸性阳离子交换树脂D001上,制备出一种新型锰氧化物-阳离子交换树脂复合材料Mn-D001,并对该材料吸附水中Pb2+、Cd2+、Cu2+的性能进行了深入研究.TEM、XRD以及XPS的分析结果表明,负载的锰氧化物以MnO2的形态存在.基于单一金属离子静态吸附的一元体系实验表明,Mn-D001比D001对Pb2+、Cd2+、Cu2+具有更高的吸附选择性,在高浓度竞争离子Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+共存的情况下,仍能保持较高的重金属去除率;Mn-D001对Pb2+、Cd2+、Cu2+的吸附行为符合准一级动力学模型(R2>0.99)和Langmuir吸附等温线模型(R2>0.99).在温度为303 K时,Mn-D001对3种重金属的饱和吸附容量可分别达到476.19 mg.g-1、243.90 mg.g-1及196.08 mg.g-1,优于原有树脂D001.基于复合重金属离子竞争吸附的二元、三元体系的实验表明,Mn-D001对3种重金属的吸附能力顺序为Pb2+>Cu2+>Cd2+,吸附能力由原有树脂D001以及负载的锰氧化物的性质共同决定.     

山东省濒危物种多样性调查与评价

以县级行政区域为单元,调查了山东省高等动植物濒危物种的种类、濒危等级及其县域分布状况,建立了各县域濒危物种名录,计算了各县域濒危物种丰度指数,分析了濒危物种空间分布格局,提出了濒危物种保护对策。结果表明：山东省濒危野生高等动物物种有80种,其极危、濒危、易危和近危物种种类分别为3、11、34和32种。濒危野生维管束植物物种有24种,其极危、易危和近危物种种类分别为1、6和17种。濒危野生高等动物在全省120个县域均有分布,物种种类在21．50之间变化;濒危野生维管柬植物仅分布在74个县域,物种种类变化范围在1-18之间。山东省濒危物种丰度指数较小,各县域濒危物种丰度指数变化范围在3．75％-6．76％之间。濒危物种多样性空间分布规律反映了山东省实际情况。     

风电机组复合行星轮系虚拟样机仿真

复合行星传动系统在风力发电机组的齿轮箱中有广泛应用。本文以行星齿轮传动系统为研究对象,基于三维设计软件 SolidWorks 构建了系统的实体模型,通过在 Adams 中对其边界条件的定义,最终得到系统的虚拟样机模型。利用 ADAMS 对该模型进行动力学仿真,得到各啮合副的动态啮合力。经分析,仿真计算结果与理论值吻合。验证了仿真的正确性,提供了一种快速计算啮合力的方法,可提高设计效率,同时也为后续传动系统的优化设计等提供指导。     

安装误差对风电机组传动系统载荷分配的影响

为研究风电机组传动系统的均载性能,以常用的 2K-H 型行星轮系为对象,对包含安装误差的行星轮系有限元模型进行动力学仿真分析,得出了具体安装误差对系统载荷分配的影响。结果表明:安装误差会导致轮系在传动过程中出现“不均载”,对轮齿啮合产生冲击。如果合理安装风电机组的传动系统,将能降低其对风电机组传动系统的不利影响。     

尾砂库溃坝对大环江沉积物中重金属的影响

为研究2001年特大洪水导致的北山铅锌矿尾砂库溃坝对大环江沉积物中重金属含量的影响及其潜在的生态风险,沿大环江自北向南设置了21个样点,共采集沉积物样品77个;分别采用SQG(沉积物质量基准)、PLC(污染负荷指数)和Hankson潜在生态风险指数法,对尾砂库下方大环江沉积物表层及剖面中As、Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn 5种重金属进行了分析和评价. 结果表明:大环江沉积物剖面pH平均值在2.09~7.51之间,其中38.1%的采样点土壤pH低于环江县背景值上限;表层(0~25 cm)沉积物中w(As)、w(Pb)、w(Cd)、w(Cu)和w(Zn)的平均值分别是环江谷地土壤平均值的3.2、20.0、59.2、2.1、17.0倍. 沉积物剖面的重金属质量分数分布主要有自上而下先降后升或先升后降2类规律,w(As)与w(Pb)、w(Cu),w(Pb)与w(Cu)、w(Zn),w(Cd)与w(Zn)均呈显著相关. 根据SQG法评估结果,大环江沉积物剖面首层(0~22 cm)w(As)、w(Pb)、w(Cd)和w(Zn)已对水域生物产生严重影响;大环江流域的PLI为2.57,属于极强污染;以环江县土壤背景值为参比值的Hankson潜在生态风险指数分析结果显示,大环江表层沉积物呈现强~极强的生态风险,5种重金属的污染程度为Cd＞Pb＞As＞Zn＞Cu. 尾砂库溃坝导致大环江沉积物中重金属质量分数陡然升高且难以恢复.      

Impacts of algal blooms removal by chitosan-modified soils on zooplankton community in Taihu Lake, China

It is important to assess the e ect on zooplankton when perform the environmental protection or restoration technology, especially removing algal blooms, because algae were the major primary producer in algal lakes. The influence on zooplankton community after half a year of algal blooms removed by chitosan-modified soils in Taihu Lake was assessed and the rationality of carrying out the process semiannually was evaluated in the present study. Morphological composition and genetic diversity of zooplankton community were investigated by microscope checkup and polymerase chain reaction-denatured gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). A total of 44 zooplankton taxa (23 protozoa, 17 rotifers, 3 copepoda and 1 cladocera) were detected by microscope checkup, and a total of 91 bands (28 bands amplified by primers F1427-GC and R1616, 63 bands amplified by primers Fung-GC and NS1) were detected by PCR-DGGE. The results of cluster analysis or detrended correspondence analysis indicated that there was no considerable di erence in morphological composition of zooplankton and DGGE profiles between experimental and control sites, and DGGE profiles could represent the biologic diversity. The study showed that zooplankton community could recover original condition after half year of algal blooms removed by chitosan-modified soils and it was acceptable to apply this process semiannually. In addition, the results revealed that PCR-DGGE could be applied to investigate the impacts of the environmental protection or restoration engineering on zooplankton community diversity.     

Urban sustainability experiments in Asia: patterns and pathways

Despite well-documented examples of urban sustainability practices in Asia, the internal mechanisms of the practices, their transferability, and their impact on urban sustainability transitions are yet to be thoroughly investigated. This paper examines 30 innovative urban practices in Asia from a system innovation and urban environmental evolution perspective, in an attempt to identify common patterns and pathways that can aid up-scaling and thereby broader application of effective sustainability practices. We developed a five-tier framework (e.g. triggers-actors-linkages-barriers-pathways) to explore whether successful broad-scale application was related to patterns within each of the tiers, or whether certain combinations of tiers lead to certain application pathways. Our results indicate the importance of policy changes and cumulative effects; the importance of local government, community and international agencies as main actors; and the prominent role of political and institutional barriers, while technology doesn’t seem to be a major barrier in urban sustainability experiment in Asia. Our results indicate that: those cases that are up-scaled through broader application often have strong vertical linkages with state or national governments; many international development agency initiatives tend to remain as experiments or duplicated elsewhere but are seldom up-scaled to change the system of practice. Nearly half of the innovative practices examined were either mainstreamed or duplicated elsewhere, suggesting that these innovative practices might play important role in sustainability transitions in Asia.     

南京市表层土壤重金属污染特征及污染来源

以南京市表层土壤为对象,研究了南京市不同功能区土壤重金属的污染特征,并采用主成分分析法对南京市土壤重金属的主要可能来源予以判别。结果表明：重金属污染主要在工业区和交通繁忙区相对较重,而居民区和公园区的重金属污染相对较轻。从本次调查的土壤重金属污染水平的对应分析结果来看,重金属Pb的富集系数为3.21,表现为强富集;而Cu、Zn的富集系数分别为：1.72和1.80,表现为一定的弱富集;Cr和N i的富集系数分别为0.99和1.00表现相对贫化,基本与背景值较接近.对南京市土壤重金属主成分分析结果表明：南京市市区的土壤重金属污染主要来自于交通排放和工业释放;同时,也应该看到对于城市公园和居民住宅区,城市垃圾、市政工程等也是目前环境污染的一个重要原因。     

山东省自然保护区建设30年发展变化研究

建设自然保护区是保护生物多样性和自然资源、维护生态环境安全的重要措施。1980-2010年山东省共建成自然保护区73个,总面积99.9万hm2,占全省国土总面积的6.34%。其中国家级、省级、市级和县级自然保护区的数量分别为7个,36个,20个和10个,面积分别为21.95万hm2,54.96万hm2,16.38万hm2和6.65万hm2。自然保护区类型涉及森林生态,内陆湿地,海洋海岸,地质遗迹,野生动物,野生植物和古生物遗迹等7类,但以森林生态类,内陆湿地类和海洋海岸类自然保护区为主。