UASB-兼氧-接触氧化-气浮处理生物制药废水

采用UASB-兼氧-接触氧化-气浮工艺处理高浓度生物制药废水,以废水中BOD5、COD和SS为主要因子,进水浓度为15000、8800和2500mg/L的条件下,经4个单元的处理,出水浓度可达164、20.3和38mg/L。该工艺具有系统稳定、污泥量少,产生沼气和综合利用等特点,具有推广价值。     

工业废气中氮氧化物的治理研究

对碱液吸收和活性炭吸附两级联合治理氮氧化物废气进行了实验研究,结果表明:对于氮氧化物进口浓度为7000～10 000 mg/m3的氮氧化物废气,氮氧化物的平均脱除率可以达到99%,出口浓度低于99 mg/m3;还进行了以硝酸溶液、双氧水溶液和高锰酸钾溶液为氧化剂湿法氧化碱吸收的实验研究,结果显示3种氧化剂都能显著提高氮氧化物的脱除率,其中以高锰酸钾溶液作氧化剂的脱除效果最好,其次是双氧水溶液.     

Physical characterization of aerosol particles during the Chinese New Year’s firework events

Measurements for particles 10 nm to 10 μm were taken using a Wide-range Particle Spectrometer during the Chinese New Year (CNY) celebrations in 2009 in Shanghai, China. These celebrations provided an opportunity to study the number concentration and size distribution of particles in an especial atmospheric pollution situation due to firework displays. The firework activities had a clear contribution to the number concentration of small accumulation mode particles (100–500 nm) and PM₁ mass concentration, with a maximum total number concentration of 3.8 × 10⁴ cm^?3. A clear shift of particles from nucleation and Aitken mode to small accumulation mode was observed at the peak of the CNY firework event, which can be explained by reduced atmospheric lifetimes of smaller particles via the concept of the coagulation sink. High particle density (2.7 g cm^?3) was identified as being particularly characteristic of the firework aerosols. Recalculated fine particles PM₁ exhibited on average above 150 μg m^?3 for more than 12 hours, which was a health risk to susceptible individuals. Integral physical parameters of firework aerosols were calculated for understanding their physical properties and further model simulation.     

Characterization of cadmium (Cd) distribution and accumulation in Tagetes erecta L. seedlings: Effect of split-root and of remove-xylem/phloem

Tagetes erecta has a high potential for cadmium (Cd) phytoremediation. Through several hydroponic experiments, characteristics of ¹⁰⁸Cd distribution and accumulation were investigated in T. erecta with split -roots or removed xylem/phloem. The results showed that ¹⁰⁸Cd transport from roots to aboveground tissues showed the homolateral transport phenomenon in split-root seedlings. ¹⁰⁸Cd content of leaves on the +¹⁰⁸Cd side and the −¹⁰⁸Cd side was not significantly different, which implied that there was horizontal transport of ¹⁰⁸Cd from the +¹⁰⁸Cd side to the −¹⁰⁸Cd side in cut-root seedlings. Like ¹⁰⁸Cd transport, the transport of ⁷⁰Zn was homolateral. Reduction of water consumption in the removed xylem treatment significantly decreased ¹⁰⁸Cd accumulation; whereas, the removed phloem treatment had no significant effect on water consumption, but did decrease ¹⁰⁸Cd accumulation in leaves of the seedlings. The removal of phloem significantly reduced distal leaf ¹⁰⁸Cd content, which was significantly lower than that in the basal leaves in both the split-root and unsplit-root seedlings. Overall, the results presented in this study revealed that the root to aboveground cadmium translocation via phloem is as an important and common physiological process as xylem determination of the cadmium accumulation in stems and leaves of marigold seedlings.     

卡拉胶、膨润土改性PVA包埋小球

对PVA+卡拉胶包埋小球和PVA+海藻酸钠包埋小球的性能进行比较,并首次使用PVA+卡拉胶+膨润土混合包埋材料制作包埋小球.结果表明,PVA+海藻酸钠包埋小球在制作过程中有一定的拖尾现象,红墨水到达小球中心的时间为80 min,6d可去除50％的COD;PVA+卡拉胶包埋小球更容易成球,而且红墨水到达小球中心的时间为50 min,6d可去除56％的COD.此外,在PVA+卡拉胶包埋材料中添加适量的膨润土可以将红墨水到达小球中心的时间由50 min缩短到30 min.因此,使用PVA+卡拉胶+膨润土的混合材料制作包埋小球是可行的.最后,通过包埋小球处理抗生素废水的正交实验,得出包埋材料中各组分的最佳配比:PVA浓度11％、卡拉胶浓度0.5％、膨润土浓度2.5％.在这种配比下,包埋小球对抗生素废水中COD的去除率可以达到65％左右.     

废硅电池片表面银的回收

采用氨-肼联合还原法回收废硅电池片上的银,优化了回收的工艺条件。实验得到的最佳回收工艺条件为：室温下采用硝酸2次浸取废硅电池片上的银,其中硝酸质量分数30%,硝酸浸取时间6 min;氯化银粉体用氨水和水合肼还原,n（Ag）∶n（N₂H₄）=0.5,水合肼还原反应温度50 ℃。回收的银粉纯度很高,结晶性较好,无需提纯。     

The composition, trend and impact of urban solid waste in Beijing

This paper provides an overview of the trend of generation, composition, and management of municipal solid waste, and estimates the carbon emissions arising from municipal solid waste management in Beijing. The correlation analysis conducted shows that the generation of municipal solid waste in Beijing has been growing steadily, showing high correlations (r > 0.9) to the total GDP, per capita income, and the population. Food waste showed an increasing trend since 1990. Compared with the results of an investigation in 1990, ash and woodchips content in 2003 declined from 56% to 17%, while the percentage of paper and plastic increased from 10% to 29% over the same period. The calorific value of the municipal waste also increased, from 2,686 kJ/kg in 1990 to 4,667 kJ/kg in 2003, indicating that the waste is suitable for incineration. Currently, the source separation ratio of municipal waste is approximately 15%. About 94% of all the collected solid waste goes to the landfill while 4% is composted and 2% is incinerated. A moderate garbage collection fee is applied to both permanent and temporary residents in Beijing, but the willingness to pay for solid waste collection and treatment is still low. Under current treatment mode, the total amounts of carbon emission from waste disposal sites and incineration increased with the increase of municipal solid waste, from 29.8 Gg in 1990 to 84.5 Gg in 2003, including 83.3 Gg of CH₄ and 22.0 Gg of CO₂. The data availability and methodological challenges in monitoring the quantity and characteristics of municipal solid waste are discussed.     

Phanerochaete chrysosporium吸附载体的选择及染料降解研究

研究了游离细胞与载体吸附培养、不同载体材料对Phanerochaete chrysosporium进行连续染料脱色及产酶能力的影响。结果表明,P.chrysosporium可在载体上良好生长,甚至生长到载体内部。木屑、玉米芯、花生壳3种载体材料中,以木屑载体吸附培养物的持续脱色和产酶效果最佳,该培养物经三轮连续脱色后对染料RB5仍能达到最高95%的脱色率,并产生596 U/L锰依赖过氧化物酶（MnP）和1 326 U/L木质素过氧化物酶（LiP）,对染料的持续脱色和产酶能力明显优于游离细胞培养物。     

温度对电自养氧还原生物阴极电化学性能的影响

生物阴极的应用能够显著降低微生物电化学系统的成本并增强运行的稳定性,其中,环境温度是限制其性能提升的关键因素.因此,本研究通过对比温度对生物阴极和非生物阴极微生物燃料电池（MFCs）电化学性能的影响,证实了生物阴极对提升MFCs产电性能的重要作用.结果发现,生物阴极MFCs在35℃条件下的最大电压为0.70 V,是非生物阴极的1.3倍.原位三电极循环伏安特性测试显示生物阳极和生物阴极的最佳温度有所不同,并且温度对生物阳极的影响大于对生物阴极的影响.本研究表明了生物阴极对MFCs电化学性能提升的重要性,并且优化了电自养氧还原生物阴极的最佳运行温度,为推动其实际应用提供了温度设置的参考.     

基于代谢组学指标的土壤亚致死剂量汞对蚯蚓的毒性研究

将赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)暴露于亚致死剂量(1.0、5.0、25.0 mg·kg~(-1))汞污染土壤中4周,以蚯蚓个体(致死率、体重增长率)及小分子代谢物(代谢组)为指标研究其对汞的动态毒性响应,并采用最小二乘判别分析(OPLSA-DA)对暴露组及对照组的代谢物进行分类,进而识别潜在的标记物.结果表明,蚯蚓对汞的吸收尚未达到稳态,蚯蚓体内代谢物的响应依赖于暴露剂量及暴露时间.暴露1周时,蚯蚓体重略有增长但不显著;最低暴露剂量(1.0 mg·kg~(-1))导致蚯蚓体内亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸、酪氨酸、5-氧脯氨酸、2-脱氧肌苷显著低于对照水平,柠檬酸、肌苷酸与腺苷在5.0、25.0 mg·kg~(-1)剂量下显著高于对照水平;暴露4周时,最高暴露剂量(25 mg·kg~(-1))显著抑制了蚯蚓的生长;汞添加组的蚯蚓体内谷氨酸、酪氨酸、马来酸、2-脱氧肌苷水平显著低于对照.上述代谢物对汞的动态变化表明它们可作为潜在生物标记物,用于诊断土壤汞污染.对代谢途径分析发现,1.0～25.0 mg·kg~(-1)汞即可破坏蚯蚓正常氨基酸代谢、三羧酸循环,扰乱能量代谢,对蚯蚓产生氧化损伤.本研究结果表明,相比个体水平的受试终点,代谢组学指标比个体水平指标能更敏感地响应较低剂量汞,是土壤汞污染生态毒性效应诊断的有效指标.另外,本研究结果可为土壤汞污染的风险评估及相关环境标准的修订提供大量基础数据.