Membrane-based treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater: The current state of knowledge

• Shale oil and gas production generates wastewater with complex composition. • Membrane technologies emerged for the treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater. • Membrane technologies should tolerate high TDS and consume low primary energy. • Pretreatment is a key component of integrated wastewater treatment systems. • Full-scale implementation of membrane technologies is highly desirable. Shale oil and gas exploitation not only consumes substantial amounts of freshwater but also generates large quantities of hazardous wastewater. Tremendous research efforts have been invested in developing membrane-based technologies for the treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater. Despite their success at the laboratory scale, membrane processes have not been implemented at full scale in the oil and gas fields. In this article, we analyze the growing demands of wastewater treatment in shale oil and gas production, and then critically review the current stage of membrane technologies applied to the treatment of shale oil and gas wastewater. We focus on the unique niche of those technologies due to their advantages and limitations, and use mechanical vapor compression as the benchmark for comparison. We also highlight the importance of pretreatment as a key component of integrated treatment trains, in order to improve the performance of downstream membrane processes and water product quality. We emphasize the lack of sufficient efforts to scale up existing membrane technologies, and suggest that a stronger collaboration between academia and industry is of paramount importance to translate membrane technologies developed in the laboratory to the practical applications by the shale oil and gas industry.     

磺胺和四环素类抗生素对大肠杆菌联合突变效应的研究

抗生素的滥用造成的环境安全问题已不可忽视,关于抗生素联合毒性效应研究较多,但联合突变效应研究较少。因此,本文以大肠杆菌为受试生物,研究了2种磺胺类抗生素(磺胺氯哒嗪(SCP)、磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMZ))和3种四环素类抗生素(二甲胺四环素(MH)、盐酸四环素(TH)和盐酸强力霉素(DH))单一及联合暴露时对大肠杆菌的突变效应。结果表明:在单一暴露下,磺胺类抗生素会促进大肠杆菌的突变效应,四环素类抗生素没有明显的促进作用;联合暴露下,磺胺类抗生素对大肠杆菌突变效应为相加,磺胺和四环素类抗生素对大肠杆菌突变效应为拮抗。本研究初步探索了抗生素对大肠杆菌的联合致突变风险,为今后环境中抗生素混合暴露的生态风险评价和抗生素污染控制标准制定提供一种理论支撑。     

北京市居民衣服消费处置及对其回收利用认识调查与分析

首先对北京市居民每年购买新衣服的数量、支出、穿着时间、淘汰原因,以及闲置衣服的处理方式、数量等进行了调查与分析,然后对北京市居民对旧衣物回收利用的认识、回收形式及其处理方式,对旧衣物如何处理回收、再利用的担忧,对希望旧衣物回收箱摆放的场所等进行了调查与分析。其研究结果对废旧纺织品回收体系建设、制度及政策制定具有一定的参考价值。     

Mn2+促进载体挂膜的机理研究

通过向自制固定床生物膜反应器(FBBR)中投加氯化锰,考察了Mn~(2+)对生物膜量、形态结构、降解性能及其胞外聚合物(EPS)组分的影响,并探究了Mn~(2+)在生物膜形成中的作用、影响规律及其对生物膜反应器运行效能的影响.结果表明,投加Mn~(2+)有助于生物膜形成,增强生物膜致密性,并促进生物膜生长;在生物膜成熟期连续投加10 mg·L~(-1)Mn~(2+)对一个周期内生物膜的降解活性影响很小,反应器COD和NH_4~+去除率分别达到85.4%±1.5%和76.3%±1.9%;生物膜不同类型EPS含量的变化表明,Mn~(2+)不仅加速了生物膜的成熟和增强了生物膜去除有机物的稳定性,而且还会刺激生物膜分泌产生更多的紧密粘附型EPS,其中的蛋白质和多糖能够保护微生物免受Mn~(2+)伤害.     

石家庄一次持续性霾过程形成原因及气溶胶垂直探空分析

为了研究石家庄冬季霾过程的形成原因及污染物变化特征,对2015年12月17—26日一次持续性霾过程中地面气象要素、天气背景场、PM(PM_(2.5)和PM_(10))、气态污染物(SO_2、CO、NO_2和O_3)、边界层垂直结构和数浓度垂直分布进行了综合观测分析.结果表明,华北上空稀疏的等压线和均压场结构、地面小风、高湿度的气象条件为这次霾污染的发生和持续提供了有利的动力和水汽条件.霾过程中PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、O_3和CO的平均浓度分别为208.1、299.4、75.3、81.9、13.1μg·m~(-3)和4.2 mg·m~(-3),分别是清洁天的5.8、4.5、1.4、2.4、0.5和4.7倍.逆温层的存在阻碍了近地层气溶胶粒子向高层的传输.逆温层上部层边界层内0.3μm和0.3~2.5μm的气溶胶数浓度分别减少了25%~40%和63%~85%.在200 m高度内,0.3、0.3~0.5、0.5~1.0和1.0~2.5μm的气溶胶在霾天的平均数浓度分别为503.0、295.7、103.9和8.9 cm~(-3),分别是清洁天的2.8、17.8、31.9和24.4倍.     

Simultaneous preconcentration of cadmium and lead in water samples with silica gel and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A new method that utilizes pretreated silica gel as an adsorbent has been developed for simultaneous preconcentration of trace Cd(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) prior to the measurement by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The effects of pH, the shaking time, the elution condition and the coexisting ions on the separation/preconcentration conditions of analytes were investigated. Under optimized conditions, the static adsorption capacity of Cd(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) were 45.5 and 27.1mg/g, the relative standard deviations were 3.2% and 1.7% (for n = 11), and the limits of detection obtained were 4.25 and 0.60 ng/mL, respectively. The method was validated by analyzing the certified reference materials GBW 07304a (stream sediment) and successfully applied to the analysis of various treated wastewater samples with satisfactory results.     

Effect of Fe–Mn–La-modified biochar composites on arsenic volatilization in flooded paddy soil

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - As can be volatilized naturally; however, this has adverse environmental effects. In this study, we investigated As volatilization in flooded paddy...     

Estimation of distribution algorithm enhanced particle swarm optimization for water distribution network optimization

The optimization of a water distribution network (WDN) is a highly nonlinear, multi-modal, and constrained combinatorial problem. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) has been shown to be a fast converging algorithm for WDN optimization. An improved estimation of distribution algorithm (EDA) using historic best positions to construct a sample space is hybridized with PSO both in sequential and in parallel to improve population diversity control and avoid premature convergence. Two water distribution network benchmark examples from the literature are adopted to evaluate the performance of the proposed hybrid algorithms. The experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithms achieved the literature record minimum (6.081 M$) for the small size Hanoi network. For the large size Balerma network, the parallel hybrid achieved a slightly lower minimum (1.921M€) than the current literature reported best minimum (1.923M€). The average number of evaluations needed to achieve the minimum is one order smaller than most existing algorithms. With a fixed, small number of evaluations, the sequential hybrid outperforms the parallel hybrid showing its capability for fast convergence. The fitness and diversity of the populations were tracked for the proposed algorithms. The track record suggests that constructing an EDA sample space with historic best positions can improve diversity control significantly. Parallel hybridization also helps to improve diversity control yet its effect is relatively less significant.     

ZnO纳米粒子通过线粒体通路抑制小鼠光感受器细胞Na~+/K~+-ATP酶表达和活性的作用研究

氧化锌(ZnO)纳米粒子已被发现具有生物毒性,氧化应激被认为是最重要的因素之一。前期实验证实,ZnO纳米粒子能显著减少锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn SOD)蛋白的表达,降低Mn SOD活性。本文通过检测乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放、线粒体活性氧(ROS)水平和膜电位(Δφm)、延迟整流钾电流变化和Na~+/K~+-ATP酶的表达及活性等变化,检测ZnO纳米粒子对小鼠光感受器细胞的细胞毒作用。结果表明,ZnO纳米粒子可显著增强小鼠光感受器细胞中LDH的释放、增加线粒体内ROS水平并下调Δφm、阻断延迟整流钾电流,同时降低Na~+/K~+-ATP酶的表达及活性,从而对小鼠视网膜光感受器细胞产生细胞毒作用,提示ZnO纳米粒子可通过线粒体通路引起氧化应激,从而抑制小鼠光感受器细胞Na~+/K~+-ATP酶表达和活性,产生细胞毒性,导致细胞死亡。本文的研究结果有助于理解ZnO纳米粒子引起细胞毒性的作用机理。     

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对海洋桡足类日本虎斑猛水蚤的急慢性毒性效应

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(简称甲维盐)是一种广泛应用于农业和水产养殖业的高效抗生素杀虫剂,会进入近海海洋环境从而对海洋生物造成影响。为初步探讨甲维盐对海洋桡足类产生的生物效应,研究了甲维盐对日本虎斑猛水蚤(Tigriopus japonicus Mori)的死亡率、摄食率、滤水率、神经传导关键性酶和抗氧化防御系统中多种酶活性以及生殖、发育的影响。结果显示,甲维盐对于日本虎斑猛水蚤有显著的急性毒性影响,雌性成体和雄性成体的96 h-LC_(50)分别为7 156μg·L~(-1)和3 637μg·L~(-1);雌性成体的24 h-EC_(50)为3.5μg·L~(-1)。暴露在不同甲维盐浓度(0.5、1、2、3.5和5μg·L~(-1))条件下24 h后,日本虎斑猛水蚤的摄食率和滤水率随甲维盐浓度升高逐渐降低,乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)活性、抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活性均随甲维盐浓度的升高先升高后趋于平稳,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性无显著变化。日本虎斑猛水蚤连续暴露2个世代,随着甲维盐浓度的升高,发育率逐渐降低;当甲维盐浓度达到0.5μg·L~(-1)时,10 d产卵量受到显著抑制,这说明甲维盐对其种群繁衍能力产生了显著影响。将第3代无节幼虫置于海水中进行恢复培养后发现,高浓度甲维盐暴露(0.5μg·L~(-1))对日本虎斑猛水蚤发育和生殖均造成了不可逆的影响,毒性可能具有不可恢复性。本文可为评估甲维盐对海洋桡足类的潜在影响提供基础数据和依据。