华北某油田石油降解菌的筛选及降解特性

以石油为唯一碳源,从华北某油田污染土壤中筛选出石油降解菌12株。其中5株菌有较强降解能力,分别编号为z-3、z-6、z-7、z-8和z-b,在30℃,160 r/min摇床培养10 d后,菌株对石油降解率分别为63.8%、34.2%、44.8%、50.5%和42.3%。通过生理生化和分子生物学鉴定,确定这5株菌分别属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、假黄单胞菌属(Pseudoxanthomonas)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)。通过对这5株菌生物量、脱氢酶及邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶活性的监测,发现生物量及酶活性与石油降解能力具有直接关系。最后,对5株菌的生长条件进行优化,其中z-3、z-6、z-7和z-b菌株对石油降解率较优化前提高10%左右。     

硫/石灰石自养反硝化处理低碳高氮城市污水的工艺

利用水泥+沙子的胶凝骨架材料作为生物反应器填料骨架,通过胶凝粘附1∶1配比的硫粉和石灰石粉的方法制备自养反硝化填料,在自行设计的自制硫/石灰石填料自养反硝化系统中,考察了该工艺对以低C/N为特性且含低氨氮高总氮的城市污水处理厂二级处理出水的脱氮性能,并优化了主要工艺参数。结果表明,在进水总氮为40.92 mg/L,COD为38.92 mg/L,C∶TN∶NH+4-N=8.6∶9∶1的条件下,系统最优水力停留时间为3.2 h,系统最优初始pH值为7,最适反硝化温度为32.8℃,TN去除率为90%~92%。比传统按1∶1体积比例投加硫磺与石灰的反应器在处理时间方面缩短60%以上,去除效率也大有提高。     

Pros and cons of climate change in China

Climate change strongly affected the structure and functions of natural ecosystems,e.g.the vegetation productivity decreased in the Northeast permafrost region due to the higher temperature and less precipitation,whereas in the Tibetan Plateau,the vegetation productivity increased,owing to the improved thermal resource.Climate change led to reduced precipitation in North and Northeast China and thus the reduced surface runoff.The public needs for energy were changed because of climate change,e.g.the shorter heating period in winter.Climate change profoundly influenced human health,pathophoresis and major projects by increasing extreme events,including frequency and magnitude,and causing more serious water shortage.Under the background of climate change,although the improved thermal resources can be helpful for extending the crop growth period,more extreme events may resulted in more instability in agricultural productivity.Not only did climate change indirectly affect the secondary and tertiary industries through the impacts on agriculture and natural resources,but also climate change mitigation measures,such as carbon tax,tariff and trading,had extensive and profound influences on the socioeconomic system.Further analysis indicated that the impact of climate change presented significant regional differences.The impact had its pros and cons,while the advantages outweighed the disadvantages.Based on the above analysis on the impacts of climate change,we put forward suggestions on coping with climate change.First,scientifically dealing with climate change will need to seek advantages while avoiding the disadvantages of climate change in order to achieve the orderly adaptation to climate change,which is characterized with"Overall best,long-term benefit."Second,quantitative adaptation should be given more attention,e.g.proposing operational schemes and predictable goals and using uncertainty analysis on adaptation measures.Third,more active coping strategy should be adopted to enhance China's future comprehensive competitiveness.The strategies include but are not limited to gradually adjusting the industrial structure,intensifying the research and development(RD)of emission reduction technology and actively responding to the influence of carbon tax,tariff and trading on socioeconomic development in China.     

Trophic states of creeks and their relationship to changes in water level in Xixi National Wetland Park,China

Urban wetland parks are a new type of urban park that have developed rapidly in recent years and have caught the attention of multiple governmental departments. The objective of this paper was to describe the trophic states of creeks and their relationship to water levels in an urban wetland park in Xixi, China. The study was based on temporal and spatial data collected monthly between March 2009 and March 2010. The results indicated that: (1) water quality significantly changed from upstream to downstream in study creeks. From upstream to downstream, water quality of creeks I and III improved; however, the water quality of creek IV and V declined; (2) trophic states in Xixi creeks differed according to seasons. Overall, the nutrition in creeks was measured at the slight eutrophication level. Nutrition was highest in summer and lowest in winter; (3) the relationship between water quality and water level differed dramatically between creeks. Water quality and water level in creek I was significantly negatively correlated, while no obvious trends were observed in other creeks. In order to improve water quality in creeks, the valid technique is to strengthen the management of inflowing water quality and then control water levels.     

全自动Ｃ１８膜萃取－气相色谱法测定水中卤代醚

使用全自动固相萃取仪、C18膜-毛细管气相色谱-电子捕获检测器的分析方法检测水中具有致癌性的卤代醚,回收率范围71．8％～126％,检出限0．5～1．5μg／L,与EPA611相比,更加快速、准确,能够满足我国饮用水和废水的分析要求。     

重金属镉胁迫下氮磷对江蓠体内主要抗氧化酶活性的影响

以大型海藻细基江篱繁枝变种(Gracilaria tunuistipitata Var Liui)为实验材料,研究重金属Cd2+胁迫下,无机氮磷作用对藻体各类抗氧化酶类活性的影响,为进一步探索重金属和营养盐复合污染下江蓠对水体的修复能力奠定一定的理论基础.实验结果显示:适当浓度N、P(560 μmol/L、56 μmol/L)的添加能提高藻体内各主要抗氧化酶的活性,降低Cd2+对藻体的毒害作用.不加入N、P或加入过量的N、P(2 160 μmol/L、216 μmol/L)均会抑制藻体内各主要抗氧化酶的活性.从总体上看,同时加入N、P要比加入单一的营养盐更有利于提高藻体内各主要抗氧化酶的活性,增强藻体的抗氧化能力.     

基于光学遥测技术的合肥市气溶胶参数观测

为了解合肥市气溶胶光学特性参数,采用太阳光度计CE318对雾霾期间气溶胶进行监测并分析了气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、Angstorm波长指数(α)、体积谱函数等气溶胶光学特性参数。同时采用多轴差分吸收光谱技术(MAX-DOAS)反演了雾霾期间二次气溶胶前体物NO2柱浓度并和固定点测量的颗粒物(PM)浓度进行了对比。分析表明,雾霾期间的气溶胶光学厚度比晴天高,且随波长的增加而减少。Angstorm波长指数在雾霾天气时平均值较高,表明合肥雾霾天气期间气溶胶粒子以细粒子为主。气溶胶前体物NO2浓度变化与雾霾天气空气中颗粒物含量(PM10、PM2.5等)变化一致性较好,表明二次气溶胶可能对气溶胶颗粒浓度有一定影响。     

超高压液相色谱/质谱联用法测定地表水中特定污染物

采用超高压液相色谱/质谱联用法测定地表水特定项目中包括微囊藻毒素-LR在内的13种污染物,对测定条件进行优化,使得各目标化合物均能在3min内检测完毕.试验表明,方法在各测定范围内线性良好,相关系数均〉0.99,各目标化合物的方法检出限为0.12μg/L～8.40μg/L,地表水样的加标回收率在62.0% ～104%之间,6次平行测定的RSD〈6%.用该方法测实际水样,阿特拉津和马拉硫磷被检出,质量浓度分别为0.6μg/L和0.7μg/L.     

完善环境监测技术监督体系的思考

阐述了环境监测技术监督的概念及其重要性和必要性,分析了由于认识不到位、手段欠缺、机制不完善等原因而导致的技术监督作用的弱化表现。提出开展环境质量现状、污染源状况、开发区环境质量、环境管理措施绩效、监测科研课题等多项技术监督,利用报告、会议、区域目标考核等形式,建立多部门联动的环境质量分析会机制、项目审批过程的跟踪监测机制、环境管理污染防治的目标考核机制、监察处罚的效果点评机制、环境监测部门内部的资源整合机制,进一步完善技术监督体系。     

环境监测卫星Suomi NPP业务特性及生态环境监测应用

介绍了美国2011年10月发射的环境监测卫星Suomi NPP的业务特性,利用该卫星获取的可见光/红外成像辐射仪VIIRS 遥感影像资料,开展了其在江苏省生态环境监测工作中应用效果研究。结果表明,NPP 卫星 VIIRS 载荷可有效地对江苏省太湖蓝藻水华、秸秆焚烧火点等进行遥感监测和分析,且观测性能较 MODIS 有所优化,还提供了夜间灯光强度、气溶胶、大气颗粒物等遥感产品,是生态环境监测的新型遥感信息源,可提升宏观生态环境问题的遥感监测能力。