吹扫捕集-气相色谱／质谱法测定水中25种挥发性有机物研究

建立了吹扫捕集与气相色谱／质谱联用测定水中25种挥发性有机物的分析方法。该方法的加标回收率在90％-119％之间,响应因子（RF）的相对标准偏差均小于20％,检出限在0．04μg／L-0．22μg／L之间。该方法具有简单、快速、准确、灵敏,无其他有机物的污染等优点,适用于地表水、地下水和饮用水中挥发性有机物的测定,结果令人满意。     

UV-Fenton氧化法处理DMSO废水的应用研究

采用UV-Fenton高级氧化法对含二甲基亚砜(DMSO)的碳纤维生产模拟废水进行降解处理,初步探索了UV/H2O2/Fe2+氧化反应机理和DMSO降解反应机理,研究了H2O2浓度、Fe2+浓度、初始pH值及H2O2投加方式等因素对DMSO去除率的影响。结果表明:当H2O2浓度为0.15 mol/L,Fe2+浓度为0.6g/L,体系初始pH值为3⁴时,DMSO去除效果最佳,可达90%;在最佳条件下分3次等量加入H2O2,DMSO去除率可达95%。二甲基亚砜主要被降解成为CO2和SO2-4,不会造成二次污染。     

Response of anaerobes to methyl fluoride, 2-bromoethanesulfonate and hydrogen during acetate degradation

To use the selective inhibition method for quantitative analysis of acetate metabolism in methanogenic systems,the responses of microbial communities and metabolic activities,which were involved in anaerobic degradation of acetate,to the addition of methyl fluoride(CH3F),2-bromoethanesulfonate(BES)and hydrogen were investigated in a thermophilic batch experiment.Both the methanogenic inhibitors,i.e.,CH3F and BES,showed their effectiveness on inhibiting CH4 production,whereas acetate metabolism other than acetoclastic methanogenesis was stimulated by BES,as reflected by the fluctuated acetate concentration.Syntrophic acetate oxidation was thermodynamically blocked by hydrogen(H2),while H2-utilizing reactions as hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis and homoacetogenesis were correspondingly promoted.Results of PCR-DGGE fingerprinting showed that,CH3F did not influence the microbial populations significantly.However,the BES and hydrogen notably altered the bacterial community structures and increased the diversity.BES gradually changed the methanogenic community structure by affecting the existence of different populations to different levels,whilst H2 greatly changed the abundance of different methanogenic populations,and induced growth of new species.     

海口城区地表水环境中抗生素含量特征研究

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱法研究了海口市城区主要地表水系(海甸五西路河段、鸭尾溪河段、东湖、西湖、红城湖、金牛岭公园人工湖以及美舍河)水体中喹诺酮类(环丙沙星、氧氟沙星)、磺胺类(磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲唑、磺胺二甲基嘧啶)2类共6种抗生素药物残留量。结果表明:(1)在海口市地表水系中6种抗生素皆有检出,检出浓度在3.4～1 385.8 ng/L之间,其中,磺胺甲唑、环丙沙星和氧氟沙星在水系每个检测断面中均有检出,磺胺甲唑的检出浓度最大,且含量明显高于欧美以及香港维多利亚港和珠江广州河段的抗生素药物残留量;(2)在海口市城区的地表水系中,喹诺酮类抗生素污染程度是金牛岭公园人工湖>红城湖>东湖>西湖>龙昆沟>美舍河>海甸五西路河段>鸭尾溪;磺胺类抗生素污染程度是西湖>鸭尾溪>海甸五西路河段>金牛岭公园人工湖>东湖>龙昆沟>红城湖>美舍河;(3)影响海口市城区地表水系中抗生素残留量水平的主要原因是气候环境、居住人口密度、污水排放量和水动力条件。     

废物管理活动中N_2O产生及排放研究进展

N_2O是一种重要的温室气体,并且对臭氧层有严重的破坏作用,因而在全球气候变化研究中受到广泛关注。随着人类活动的加剧,全球废物排放量呈上升趋势,且废物管理活动中产生的N_2O显著增加了全球温室气体的排放。废物管理活动中N_2O排放源主要包括废水处理、动物粪肥管理及生活垃圾处理处置系统。目前对废物管理活动中N_2O排放缺乏全面认识,文章综述了废物管理活动中N_2O排放机理及产生规律,指出应加强废物管理活动中N_2O减量化方向的研究。     

载甲苯活性炭微波解吸过程人工神经网络模拟

采用人工神经网络对微波解吸过程进行了模拟研究.采用解吸温度、栽气线速、活性炭床层厚度、活性炭对甲苯的吸附量、解吸时间5个因子作为神经网络的输入变量,解吸浓度为输出变量.网络创建后采用已有的实验数据对网络进行训练,经124步收敛后网络达到指定精度.采用实测数据对网络的预测精度进行检验后表明:人工神经网络对载甲苯活性炭的解吸过程能够较精确的进行模拟,多数预测数据的误差范围在±5％之内.     

喀斯特白云岩坡地土壤异质性特征与土壤保育模式研究

在"石漠化"相对较低的白云岩典型坡地上,对石质地块、石土质地块、土石地块和土质地块的土石结构、土壤厚度、土壤颗粒结构等土壤空间异质性特征进行测量分析。随着坡长与坡位的变化,样方内出现受侵蚀后搬移堆积的土壤数量增加,同时土壤厚度的变异系数由1.7降低到0.63,但是>2mm的土壤颗粒比例从13.66%增加到23.48%,土壤侵蚀致使土壤颗粒结构出现"粗粒化"趋势。结合与侵蚀环境因素的相关分析,提出不同土壤异质性特征坡地地段的土壤保育模式。     

Real-time measurements of landfill atmospheric ammonia using mobile white cell differential optical absorption spectroscopy system and engineering applications

ABSTRACT

The real-time measurement of atmospheric ammonia at municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills and adjacent areas is necessary for landfill management and the health of nearby residence. Continuous, fast, and real-time monitoring of landfill odor gases is a challenge, especially for ammonia. To our knowledge, this was the first study for the characteristics and seasonal variabilities of atmospheric ammonia at a whole landfill using a Mobile White cell Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MW-DOAS) system, which also simultaneously offers high sensitivity and fast response. Results show that atmospheric ammonia levels at various landfill areas were significantly dependent on the characteristics of areas, such as municipal solid waste-related areas, leachate-related areas, sludge-related areas, and fly ash-related area, the atmospheric ammonia peak or average level at the active leachate pool of the active MSW site was the highest among all areas of the whole landfill, and the ammonia concentrations at the closed MSW landfill sites were low and dependent on the ages. Moreover, it was found that the seasonal variabilities of ammonia concentrations at most of those areas were significantly dependent on the ambient temperature, and ambient temperature variation caused the atmospheric ammonia level at the active leachate pool and active MSW landfill site in the summer survey to raise 3.5 times and 5.58 times than in the winter survey, respectively.

Implications: Continuous, fast, and real-time monitoring ambient ammonia at or nearby a landfill is critical for landfill operators and local EPAs. This study demonstrates that the mobile White cell Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MW-DOAS) system is an effective tool for real-time monitoring ambient ammonia of a whole landfill. The results in this article provided a guideline to the characteristics and seasonal changes of ambient ammonia at various types of areas of a whole landfill as well as the impact of age to ambient ammonia at the closed landfill areas.     

含镉的铬废水处理方法

对电镀镉工艺流程中出光、钝化及退镉进行了原理分析,得出上述工序必然会导致含镉的铬废水的产生。并提出了采用按铬废水处理后再通过添加重金属捕捉剂的方式,有效控制了电镀废水的处理质量,达到了标准的排放要求。     

三峡库区大宁河藻细胞昼夜垂直迁移研究

旨在准确为三峡库区藻华预警提供基础数据,本研究于2011年7月底在三峡库区大宁河流域进行藻细胞昼夜垂直迁移试验.结果表明,大宁河在此期间,藻细胞主要以绿藻、蓝藻、硅藻和甲藻为主;藻细胞在水体中的分布不均匀,72.5%～76.2%的藻细胞集中在0.5～4.0 m水体之间,0～0.5 m处藻细胞较少,占垂直水体藻密度的7.5%～16.3%,白天藻细胞Morisita指数(MI)为1.41～1.97,夜晚MI指数为1.17～1.55,叶绿素a白天MI指数为1.31～1.59,而夜晚MI指数为1.17～1.39.藻细胞在水体中存在明显的昼夜垂直迁移现象,该现象主要发生在0.5～4.0 m水体之间.水体中的藻密度受营养盐的影响较小,与可溶解性总磷显著相关(r=0.89),藻密度主要受温度、pH值和导电率影响,藻密度与温度、pH值和导电率呈极显著相关,相关系数分别为0.96、0.97和-0.99.