New approach to studies of heavy metal redistribution in soil

The bioavailability and mobility of heavy metals in soils is dependent upon redistribution processes between solution and solid phases and among solid-phase components. This paper reviews the definitions and applications of two newly developed parameters, the redistribution index and the reduced partitioning parameter, in quantifying redistribution processes of heavy metals in contaminated soils. The redistribution index depicts the removal/attainment of metal-contaminated soils from/to the fractional distribution pattern characteristic of non-amended soils, while the reduced partitioning parameter quantifies the relative binding intensity of heavy metals in soils. Over time, metal salt-spiked and sludge-amended soils approached the fractional distribution pattern of non-amended soils. The rates of redistribution of metals and their binding intensity in soils were affected by the metal species, loading levels and soil properties. Metals in contaminated soils at low loading levels approach the fractional distribution pattern of non-amended soil more rapidly than those at high loading levels. The sequence order of approach by metals to the fractional distribution pattern of non-amended soil was: Cd>Cu>Ni=Zn>Cr. In both non-amended and contaminated soils, Cr had the highest binding intensity, Cd the lowest, and Cu, Ni and Zn, intermediate values. In addition to our own data, primarily on metal salt-spiked soils, these two indices are also used to evaluate redistribution processes of heavy metals in sewage sludge-amended soils from other published reports.     

基于活性炭的多孔介质水动力弥散系数测定

溶质在多孔介质运移过程中,水动力弥散系数不仅反映多孔介质的介质特性,同时也是描述溶质浓度随时空变化规律的重要参数。以颗粒状活性炭为研究对象,建立了水动力条件下的对流弥散方程进行溶质运移过程描述,并采用土柱扩散实验对其水动力弥散系数进行了测定。结果表明,借用反函数变化思路,可快速准确测定多孔介质的水动力弥散系数D;同时,变流速条件下D不为常量,且分子扩散的影响可忽略,其与渗流速度v之间满足D=9.328v1.796函数关系。由此建立的数学模型求解和D-v函数关系可为描述溶质在多孔介质中运移规律的研究提供一定的参考。     

突发性水污染事故预警体系建设综述

随着流域水污染事件的频发,突发性水污染事故预警平台的科学建设成为流域应急管理的重要内容。基于预警平台数据感知层、数据管理层、业务感知层的总体架构,综述了国内外突发性水污染事故预警平台的建设现状。从水质监测技术、突发事故预警模型、预警平台整体构建4个方面分析了近年来突发性水污染事故预警平台的研究进展与不足,以期为流域突发性水污染预警系统的建设提供参考。     

好氧高温堆肥处理对猪粪中重金属形态的影响

用 Tessier 连续提取法研究了好氧高温堆肥处理对猪粪中重金属结合形态变化的影响.结果表明,经过好氧堆肥处理,猪粪中 Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Cd、As 的总浓度升高;碳酸盐结合态 Ni、Zn 的浓度降低,其余 Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd 的浓度都升高;硫化物及有机结合态、残渣态重金属的浓度普遍升高,仅有硫化物及有机结合态 As 和 Zn 的浓度下降;可交换态 Cu、Zn、Cr、As 的浓度显著降低.堆肥处理可以降低可交换态和碳酸盐交换态 Pb、Ni、Cu、Cr、Zn、As 和铁锰氧化物结合态 Pb、Cu、Cr、As 的分配系数,因此可以降低猪粪中重金属的有效性.堆肥处理有利于降低猪粪土地利用中重金属污染的风险.     

固定化微生物法处理含酚废水的研究

选用从活性污泥中分离得到的降解酚活性较高的热带假丝酵母菌(Candida tropicalis),通过实验选出了一种较好的载体和合适的固定化条件,在自制的三相流化床反应器中,采用固定化徽生物法连续处理含酚配水,进水酚浓度为300ppm,出水酚浓度小于0.5ppm,与悬浮生物法(如活性污泥法)相比,酚的容积负荷可提高1倍以上,污泥发生量可减少90％。     

A screen-printed, amperometric biosensor for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water samples

An amperometric biosensor based on screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) was developed for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water samples. The extent of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) deactivation was determined and quantified for pesticide concentrations in water samples. An enzyme immobilization adsorption procedure and polyacrylamide gel matrix polymerization were used for fabrication of the biosensor, with minimal losses in enzyme activity. The optimal conditions for enzyme catalytic reaction on the SPEs surfaces were acetylthiocholine chloride (ATChCl) concentration of 5 mmol/L, pH 7 and reaction time of 4 min. The detection limits for three organophosphorus pesticides (dichlorvos, monocrotophs and parathion) were in the range of 4 to 7 g/L when an AChE amount of 0.1 U was used for immobilization.     

云南省近500年旱涝灾害时间序列的分形研究

根据云南省近500年的旱涝灾害时间分布序列,应用R/S分析,预测了未来旱涝灾害的发生时间,但预测时间尺度不同,结果也不同,因此仅从旱涝灾害发生的时间序列本身来预测,需确定其能够预测的时间范围;应用Smalley算法分别对云南省干旱和洪涝灾害的时间序列特征进行分析,干旱年发生时间序列的分形维数为0.5498,洪涝年发生时间序列的分形维数为0.4923,具有明显的分形特征,均小于Cantor集合的0.6309,可见云南省旱涝灾害发生的自组织程度可能会提高。分形研究的结果反映的仅是云南省近500年旱涝灾害时间序列的平均状况,由于旱涝灾害的分布具有空间差异,因此需分别研究不同程度灾害区旱涝时间序列的分形及多重分形特征。     

光伏发电有功自动控制技术

进行了两根足尺预应力型钢混凝土简支梁在火灾高温和竖向恒定加载耦合作用下的耐火性能试验,分析了试验梁的温度场分布规律、竖向变形特点和承载性能劣化过程。通过在试验梁端部预设压力传感器,实测了升温过程中梁端部预压力与升温时间的关系曲线。试验结果表明,预压力对火灾高温作用较为敏感,当标准升温100 min时预压力已降至初始预压力的一半,试验中一根梁出现了侧向弯曲变形。因此,对于预应力混凝土结构,火灾高温作用下应考虑构件可能的侧向变形影响。     

Current status and developing trends of the contents of heavy metals in sewage sludges in China

It is essential to determine the heavy metal concentrations in sewage sludge to select appropriate disposal methods. We conducted a national survey of heavy metal concentrations of sewage sludge samples from 107 municipal sewage treatment plants located in 48 cities covering the 31 provinces and autonomous regions, as well as Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan by Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in 2006, and identified the temporal trends of heavy metal contents in sewage sludge by comparison with surveys conducted in 1994-2001. In 2006, the average concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in sewage sludge were 20.2, 1.97, 93.1, 218.8, 2.13, 48.7, 72.3, and 1058mg.kg-1, respectively. Because of the decreased discharge of heavy metals into industrial wastewater in China and the increasingly stringent regulations governing the content of industrial wastes entering sewers, the average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn have decreased by 32.3%, 49.7%, 54.9%, 25.0%, 37.2%, 44.8%, and 27.0%, respectively, during the past 12 years. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn in the samples exceeded the heavy metal limits of the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant in China （GB 18918-2002） by 6.5%, 3.7%, 6.5%, 6.5%, and 11.2%, respectively. From these results, 85 of the 107 municipal sludges analyzed would be considered suitable for land application.     

长期施肥潮土土壤呼吸的温度和水分效应

温度和水分是影响土壤呼吸的重要因素.利用室内培养试验研究因长期施用不同肥料造成有机质含量存在差异的土壤在不同土壤水分含量(30%WFPS、45%WFPS、60%WFPS、75%WFPS 和90%WFPS)和培养温度(5 ℃、15 ℃、25 ℃、35 ℃)下的土壤呼吸.结果表明,土壤水分含量和培养温度对土壤呼吸既表现出相互制约作用,在一定范围内又具有相互促进作用.施肥影响着土壤呼吸所需的最适水分含量,不均衡施肥处理的土壤呼吸所需最适土壤水分含量高于均衡施肥处理的土壤.培养温度也影响土壤呼吸的最适水分含量,土壤呼吸所需最适水分随培养温度升高而升高.土壤水分含量的增加可增加土壤呼吸的Q10.施肥特别是施有机肥而增加的土壤有机碳的释放速率是最快的.因此,气温升高和降水增加等气候变化趋势下,不利于通过施用有机肥来增加农田土壤有机碳储量.