厌氧氨氧化生物滤池活性恢复试验研究

以生物滤池为反应器,以NH_4~+-N、NO_2-~-N的浓度变化为指标,对厌氧氨氧化菌种的活性恢复进行试验。结果表明:厌氧氨氧化菌种的活性恢复具有一定的稳定适应期,本试验条件下适应期为14d,24d即可完成活性恢复,NH_4~+-N、NO_2-~-N去除量比值为(1∶1.27)~(1∶1.32),接近厌氧氨氧化过程1∶1.31的理论值。     

张士灌区多环芳烃污染土壤的植物修复

以我国典型污灌区-沈阳张士污灌区某农田土壤为研究对象,进行了土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染物种类与含量的调查研究,分析了PAHs的主要来源.同时,以13种牧草/草坪草为供试植物,开展PAHs污染土壤高效修复植物的筛选工作,修复周期约为80d.研究结果表明,张士灌区农田土壤受到严重污染,从土壤中分析检测到USEPA 16种PAHs中的13种,含量达2 294 μh·kg-1(干重),远高于荷兰农业土壤的PAHs标准.盆栽试验结果表明,不同植物对土壤中PAHs的去除效果不同,紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne L)、巴林(Poa pratenstis L.)、高羊茅(Festuca data.Kengex E.Alexeev)和白三叶草(Trrifolium repens L.)等植物对土壤中PAHs去除效果较好,适合用于张士灌区农田土壤的修复与治理.     

施用污泥堆肥及其水溶性有机物对土壤中荧葸解吸-淋滤的影响

以荧葸(Fluoranthene)为多环芳烃(PAHs)的代表,通过序批试验及土柱淋洗试验研究了污泥堆肥及污泥堆肥水溶性有机物(DOM)对污染土壤中荧葸解吸和淋滤的影响.施用污泥堆肥实验结果表明,污泥堆肥施人土壤后的短时间内由于带人和产生的DOM而表现出促进土壤中荧葸的解吸与淋滤,但随着DOM的降解,该作用逐渐消失.污泥堆肥充分腐熟后(腐熟堆肥)因DOM少而稳定的腐殖质等固相有机质含量相对较多,而表现出施用腐熟堆肥后土壤更易对荧葸吸持.单独施用污泥堆肥DOM后的试验,也进一步表明了污泥堆肥DOM的存在确实能促进土壤中荧葸的迁移,且在相同DOM浓度下,腐熟堆肥DOM对土壤中荧葸的解吸和淋滤的促进作用明显高于初始堆肥DOM处理,原因在于腐熟堆肥DOM中大分子组分和疏水性组分的含量比初始堆肥的DOM要多.因此,堆肥施用对土壤多环芳烃环境行为或活性的影响是堆肥施人土壤后固相有机质含量及性质和溶解性有机质的含量及性质等综合影响的结果.     

基于保护层风险分析的液氯充装系统SIL审核评估研究

研究借助GB/T 20438—2006的系统安全完整性理念,在分析了液氯充装系统工艺流程的基础上,建立了液氯充装系统的4个独立保护层并对其进行了安全性分析,根据液氯充装的危险性,确立了液氯充装系统的安全完整性等级为SIL3。从系统安全完整性出发,对系统安全性要求分配进行了探讨,提出了以各保护层失效概率为基础的液氯充装系统安全完整性审核评估,为系统的风险分析评估提供了一种新的思路。     

Regional distribution of organochlorinated pesticides in pine needles and its indication for socioeconomic development

The regional distribution of 10 potentially harmful organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) was investigated in pine needles from 18 sites in six Chinese regions. The OCPs concentrations in six regions were as follows: sigmaHCH (sigmaHCH=alpha-+beta-+gamma-+delta-HCH), 4.7-51.5 ng/g; sigmaDDT (p,p'-DDT+p,p'-DDE+p,p'-DDD), 0.9-30.9 ng/g; hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 1.1-5.3 ng/g; sigmachlordane (cis-chlordane+trans-chlordane), no detected-4.3 ng/g, on dry weight basis. Samples from southeast Chinese area contained the highest concentrations of sigmaHCH, sigmaDDT and sigmachlordane, while the contamination levels of most OCPs in southwest Chinese area were the lowest. The ratios of alpha/gamma-HCH (ranged from 1.7 to 5) were observed to be noticeable increase from north to south China, and the ratio of 1.7 revealed the presence of the recent use of lindane in north Chinese area. The significant decrease of the sum concentrations of alpha-+gamma-HCH from mid-1980s to the present and the strong correlation between alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-HCH (r=0.87-0.98, n=18, p<0.05) indicated the main usage of the technical HCH in history in China. The p,p'-DDE/p,p'-DDT ratios of <1 revealed the new input of p,p'-DDT in south, southeast and southwest Chinese areas, which could be partly contributed to the new use of impure dicofol. Economic development will leave its mark in the environment, however, its impact on the input and distribution of OCPs on a regional scale is unknown. We attempted to use the socioeconomic index (gross domestic product (GDP) per capita) to explain the distribution and input of OCPs and found that HCB and sigmaDDT seemed to be linked to the economic development, while no relationship of HCH was observed. DDE% of sigmaDDT also showed a negative correlation with the GDP per capita.     

施用污泥堆肥及其水溶性有机物对土壤中荧蒽解吸-淋滤的影响

以荧蒽（Fluoranthene）为多环芳烃（PAHs）的代表,通过序批试验及土柱淋洗试验研究了污泥堆肥及污泥堆肥水溶性有机物（DOM）对污染土壤中荧葸解吸和淋滤的影响．施用污泥堆肥实验结果表明,污泥堆肥施入土壤后的短时间内由于带入和产生的DOM而表现出促进土壤中荧蒽的解吸与淋滤,但随着DOM的降解,该作用逐渐消失．污泥堆肥充分腐熟后（腐熟堆肥）因DOM少而稳定的腐殖质等固相有机质含量相对较多,而表现出施用腐熟堆肥后土壤更易对荧葸吸持．单独施用污泥堆肥DOM后的试验,也进一步表明了污泥堆肥DOM的存在确实能促进土壤中荧蒽的迁移,且在相同DOM浓度下,腐熟堆肥DOM对土壤中荧蒽的解吸和淋滤的促进作用明显高于初始堆肥DOM处理,原因在于腐熟堆肥DOM中大分子组分和疏水性组分的含量比初始堆肥的DOM要多．因此,堆肥施用对土壤多环芳烃环境行为或活性的影响是堆肥施人土壤后固相有机质含量及性质和溶解性有机质的含量及性质等综合影响的结果．     

Organohalogenated compounds in pine needles from Beijing city, China

Pine needles collected from 22 sites of six areas in Beijing city, China, were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) combined with organic extraction for extractable organohalogens (EOX) and extractable persistent organohalogens (EPOX). The concentrations of EOX (EOX = ECl + EOBr + EOI) were in the order of EOCl > EOBr > EOI. About 1.6-34% of EOCl remained as extractable persistent organochlorine (EPOCl) after treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid, which suggested that major fractions of EOCl in pine needles were an acid-liable or acid-soluble fraction. The fact that pine needle contained higher EOCl contents in chemical industrial and traffic hub areas indicated that chemical industries and exhaust emission from vehicle were the main sources of organochlorines in the Beijing's air. The relative proportions of the known organochlorines (such as HCHs, DDTs, chlordanes, HCB and PCBs) to total EOCl and EPOCl were 0.32-0.76% and 2.5-11.4%, respectively, which implied that a major portion of the EOCl and EPOCl measured in pine needles was unknown. The organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) and PCBs concentrations in six areas were as follows: sigma HCH (sigma HCH = alpha- + beta- + gamma- + delta-HCH), 11.7-20.8 ng/g; sigma DDT (p,p'-DDT + p,p'-DDE + p,p'-DDD), 12.5-113.3 ng/g; hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 1.1-5.3 ng/g; sigma chlordane (cis-chlordane + trans-chlordane + heptachlor), 1.7-9.5 ng/g, sigma PCB, 41.8-270.5 ng/g, on dry weight basis. The samples from chemical industrial area and residential area nearby chemical industries contained the highest concentrations of sigma DDT, HCB, sigma chlordane and sigma PCB, while the contamination levels of most OCPs and PCBs in iron-steel industrial area were the lowest. The ratios of alpha/gamma-HCH (ranged from 0.9-1.5) and p,p'-DDT/DDTs (ranged from 72.1% to 91.0%) revealed the presence of the recent use of lindane and DDTs or impure dicofol in Beijing.     

Evaluating the causal basis of ecological success within the scleractinia: an integral projection model approach

Many tropical corals have declined in abundance in the last few decades, and evaluating the causal basis of these losses is critical to understanding how coral reefs will change in response to ongoing environmental challenges. Motivated by the likelihood that marine environments will become increasingly unfavorable for coral growth as they warm and become more acidic (i.e., ocean acidification), it is reasonable to evaluate whether specific phenotypic traits of the coral holobiont are associated with ecological success (or failure) under varying environmental conditions including those that are adverse to survival. Initially, we asked whether it was possible to identify corals that are resistant or sensitive to such conditions by compiling quantitative measures of their phenotypic traits determined through empirical studies, but we found only weak phenotypic discrimination between ecological winners and losers, or among taxa. To reconcile this outcome with ecological evidence demonstrating that coral taxa are functionally unequal, we looked beyond the notion that phenotypic homogeneity arose through limitations of empirical data. Instead, we examined the validity of contemporary means of categorizing corals based on ecological success. As an alternative means to distinguish among functional groups of corals, we present a demographic approach using integral projection models (IPMs) that link organismal performance to demographic outcomes, such as the rates of population growth and responses to environmental stress. We describe how IPMs can be applied to corals so that future research can evaluate within a quantitative framework the extent to which changes in physiological performance influence the demographic underpinnings of ecological performance.     

兰州市不同季节大气微生物气溶胶粒径及分布特征研究

大气微生物对人类危害不仅与微生物气溶胶浓度和种类有关,而且大气微生物气溶胶粒径尺度大小及其分布特征也是重要的影响因素.在兰州市城关区选取不同环境功能区对其室外大气微生物气溶胶粒径(D,μm)大小及分布特征进行研究,结果表明,不同环境功能区大气细菌、霉菌和放线菌气溶胶粒度分布特征存在季节性分布差异,其中大气细菌气溶胶粒径...