低温条件下生物陶粒反应器运行特性研究

针对官厅水库下游三家店水库水源进行生物陶粒预处理的现场试验,研究低温条件下生物陶粒反应器的运行效果及其特性.结果表明:当水温从10℃下降到0.5℃时,生物陶粒反应器对COD_Mn的去除率从20%左右下降到6%左右,氨氮的去除率从90%下降到65%.随温度降低生物陶粒反应器去除污染物的效果下降主要是由于微生物活性随温度的降低而下降造成的,陶粒表面的微生物量随温度的降低而减少,但是受影响的程度比活性小得多.陶粒表面的微生物活性与微生物量沿水流方向呈明显的下降趋势.     

磷与水中细菌再生长的关系

利用细菌再生长潜力(Bacterial Regrowth Potential,BRP)的微生物分析方法,研究了水中的磷对其生物稳定性的限制因子作用.试验测试水样为经过净水工艺处理后的出水,净水工艺处理的原水取自我国北方某水库.结果表明,在测试水样中添加50pg/L的PO₄^3--P(NaH₂PO₄)后,水样的BRP增加了100%～235%.在水样中添加各种无机盐后得到的BRP同仅添加NaH₂PO₄得到的结果相差不大,而在水样中添加1mg/L的乙酸碳(NaAc)后BRP只增加了30%～40%,大大小于只添加磷的水样,这表明在该水样中磷是细菌生长的限制因子.本试验说明,有效地去除水中的磷可以作为限制饮用水中细菌再生长,提高饮用水生物稳定性的一个重要途径.     

Combined toxic effect of airborne heavy metals on human lung cell line A549

Many studies have demonstrated that heavy metals existing as a mixture in the atmospheric environment cause adverse effects on human health and are important key factors of cytotoxicity; however, little investigation has been conducted on a toxicological study of a metal mixture from atmospheric fine particulate matter. The objective of this study was to predict the combined effects of heavy metals in aerosol by using in vitro human cells and obtain a suitable mixture toxicity model. Arsenic, nickel, and lead were selected for mixtures exposed to A549 human lung cancer cells. Cell proliferation (WST-1), glutathione (GSH), and interleukin (IL)-8 inhibition were observed and applied to the prediction models of mixture toxicity, concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA). The total mixture concentrations were set by an IC₁₀-fixed ratio of individual toxicity to be more realistic for mortality and enzyme inhibition tests. The results showed that the IA model was statistically closer to the observed results than the CA model in mortality, indicating dissimilar modes of action. For the GSH inhibition, the results predicted by the IA and CA models were highly overestimated relative to mortality. Meanwhile, the IL-8 results were stable with no significant change in immune reaction related to inflammation. In conclusion, the IA model is a rapid prediction model in heavy metals mixtures; mortality, as a total outcome of cell response, is a good tool for demonstrating the combined toxicity rather than other biochemical responses.     

Reproduction and growth of the freshwater prawn, Palaemon paucidens (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) in a lake of Korea

This study analyzed the reproduction and growth of freshwater prawn, Palaemon paucidens De Haan 1844 from Suk-dang lake(Korea). The analysis of the sex ratio showed a higher proportion of males than that of females. The average size of the eggs was 6.12 (+/-0.55) mm3 in the non-eyed stage (stageA) and 7.20 (+/-0.86)mm3 in the eyed stage (stage B). The reproductive output (RO) calculated with the dried-body weight of an incubating female and the weight of the eggs in dried condition was 26.97% (n = 17) of the average females weight. Incubating prawn appeared in April, and the gonadosomatic indices(GSI) showed the highest value during three months from January to March. Based on the month when there was a high proportion of incubating females with a high GSI, the estimated spawning season of P. paucidens was April. The maturity of the female was evaluated by the development of the ovaries and the existence of eggs. The average body length when 50% of the females in the group reached maturity was 8.55 (+/-2.74) mm. The analysis of the length-frequency distribution showed that the life span of P. paucidens ranged from 12 to 13 months. Females mature faster than males.     

Molecular markers of heavy metal toxicity--a new paradigm for health risk assessment

Last decade has witnessed increased interest in studies dealing with molecular markers of health and disease expression of genes. Specific toxicant "signatures" have been detected using genome base technologies such as microarrays. Further toxins have been classified on the basis of these signatures. Knowledge on these signatures has helped in the identification of novel drug candidates. This review discusses the gene expression studies recently made on arsenic, cadmium, mercury, chromium, lead, copper, nickel, manganese, and other essential elements. Toxicogenomics standards and their organizations have also been briefly described. Although this information can not be considered as complete, recent reports from different laboratories on bacteria, fish, laboratory animals and humans have been summarized. It is expected that toxicogenomics data presented in this review will be helpful in planning and excretion of human health risk assessment programs.     

利用~(137)Cs示踪技术与土壤化学物质研究滇池流域土壤侵蚀

核素示踪技术研究作为一种新的土壤侵蚀研究方法,已经在土壤侵蚀研究中获得了极大应用,并在土壤侵蚀的沉积、侵蚀、运移研究上取得许多成果.采用放射性核素作为土壤示踪剂,可以很好的进行流域尺度的范围研究,且可靠性比较高,省时省力.云贵高原在处于我国的西南地区,是我国南方水土流失严重的地区之一.该地区缺乏较长时间的资料积累,仅通过短时间的测定,无法准确估算中长期(约50 a)的平均土壤侵蚀速率.文章应用137Cs示踪技术,并结合土壤有机碳、全氮等土壤化学物质,首次研究了云南省滇池流域土壤侵蚀的强度分异规律.1)山坡不同部位的土壤侵蚀速率大小顺序是:坡中部>坡下部>坡上部,坡位是影响土壤侵蚀的重要因素.2)土壤利用方式上看,非耕地(林地和撂荒地)的侵蚀速率小于耕地的侵蚀速率.同一种土地利用方式下,由于耕作措施与耕作方法的差异,也会直接影响到土壤侵蚀的速率大小.3)从土壤侵蚀模数来看,区域整体上属于轻度侵蚀.土壤平均侵蚀速率为1280.2 t·km-2·a-1,其中耕地的平均土壤侵蚀速率为1672.8 t·km-2·a-1,非耕地土壤平均侵蚀模数为1161.2 t·km-2·a-1.4)虽然是轻度侵蚀,但是随着土壤侵蚀的进行,土壤有机碳、氮等的流失,造成土地退化较为严重,这给当地的生态环境带来直接的危害:滇池土壤淤积,土壤中的有机质、化肥等物质也直接随土壤流入滇池,会导致水体富营养化和水质变差.     

Tritium levels in Chinese cabbage and radish plants acutely exposed to HTO vapor at different growth stages

To simulate an acute exposure of Chinese cabbage and radish plants to airborne HTO, the potted plants were exposed to HTO vapor under semi-outdoor conditions for 1h at different times from the early to late growth stages. The plants were grown outdoors and the plant tritium was measured at the end of an exposure (h(0)) and at harvest. The leaf tissue free water tritium (TFWT) concentrations at h(0) were considerably lower than estimated equilibrium concentrations. In the leaves of Chinese cabbage, the exposure at the earlier growth stage generally ended with a higher TFWT concentration. Such a tendency was not apparent either in the leaves or roots of radish. On the other hand, the earlier stage exposure gave rise to lower TFWT concentrations at the harvest of both crops. For the OBT (organically bound tritium), however, the same occurred only in the Chinese cabbage leaves. During the period between the exposure and harvest, the TFWT concentrations reduced by factors of up to 1.1 x 10(6) for the Chinese cabbage leaves and 1.3 x 10(4) for the radish roots. Based on the activity ratios of OBT to TFWT at harvest, it is estimated that OBT mostly contributes much more to the ingestion dose than TFWT does.     

Fluoride-immobilized co-processing and resource utilization of aluminum-electrolyzed spent cathode carbon in brick-fired kiln

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Spent cathode carbon (SCC) is hazardous waste from the electrolytic aluminum industry due to its high levels of soluble fluoride, while brick-fired...     

氧化塘技术处理采油废水运转效果监测及分析

氧化塘技术是处理工业废水常用的方法之一。对桩西采油厂的氧化塘设置了5个监测点位,每月监测4～8次。由监测数据可知,氧化塘温度决定藻类、细菌和其他水生物优势种属的演替;COD的去除效果受季节影响较小;塘内水流受风向影响较大;对石油类物质的去除效果比较稳定;挥发酚的去除与季节有较大关联;硫化物的去除率很高。分析结果表明,该氧化塘运转状况良好,但应注意来水状况。