铬对水栖寡毛类赫德莱顠体虫（Aeolosomaheadleyi）的毒性试验

赫德莱顠体虫（Ａｅｏｌｏｓｏｍａｈｅａｄｌｅｙｉ）为一种小型木栖寡毛类，行无性繁殖，室内培养容易。铬对其急性毒性试验结果为：２４ｈＬＣ＿（５０）为３．５５（３．１６─３．９０）ｍｇ／Ｌ，４８ｈＬＣ＿（５０）为１．８８（１．７７─２．０１）ｍｇ／Ｌ。低浓度慢性试验结果为：无效应浓度（ＮＯＥＣ）为１０１μｇ／Ｌ最大可接受浓度（ＭＡＥＣ）为１０１─１０２μｇ／Ｌ慢性暴露１０ｄ后种群可恢复的最高浓度为２１０ｕｇ／Ｌ．对此种寡毛类作为毒性试验生物的可能性作了简短的讨论。     

Are there higher pedestrian fatalities in larger cities?: A scaling analysis of 115 to 161 largest cities in the United States

Objective: In 2012, 4,743 pedestrians were killed in the United States, representing 14% of total traffic fatalities. The number of pedestrians injured was higher at 76,000. Therefore, 36 out of 52 of the largest cities in the United States have adopted a citywide target of reducing pedestrian fatalities. The number of cities adopting the reduction goal during 2011 and 2012 increased rapidly with 8 more cities. We examined the scaling relationship of pedestrian fatality counts as a function of the population size of 115 to 161 large U.S. cities during the period of 1994 to 2011. We also examined the scaling relationship of nonpedestrian and total traffic fatality counts as a function of the population size.

Methods: For the data source of fatality measures we used Traffic Safety Facts Fatality Analysis Reporting System/General Estimates System annual reports published each year from 1994 to 2011 by the NHTSA. Using the data source we conducted both annual cross-sectional and panel data bivariate and multivariate regression models. In the construction of the estimated functional relationship between traffic fatality measures and various factors, we used the simple power function for urban scaling used by Bettencourt et al. (2007 Bettencourt LMA, Lobo J, Helbing D, Kühnert C, West GB. Growth, innovation, scaling and the pace of life in cities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:7301–7306.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 2010 Bettencourt LMA, Lobo J, Strumsky D, West GB. Urban scaling and its deviations: revealing the structure of wealth, innovation and crime across cities. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e13541.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and the refined STIRPAT (stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology) model used in Dietz and Rosa (1994 Dietz T, Rosa EA. Rethinking the environmental impacts of population, affluence and technology. Human Ecology Review. 1994;1:277–300. [Google Scholar], 1997 Dietz T, Rosa EA. Effects of population and affluence on CO₂ emissions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:175–179.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and York et al. (2003 York R, Rosa EA, Dietz T. STIRPAT, IPAT and IMPACT: analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts. Ecol Econ. 2003;46:351–365.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).

Results: We found that the scaling relationship display diseconomies of scale or sublinear for pedestrian fatalities. However, the relationship displays a superlinear relationship in case of nonpedestrian fatalities. The scaling relationship for total traffic fatality counts display a nearly linear pattern. When the relationship was examined by the 4 subgroups of cities with different population sizes, the most pronounced sublinear scaling relationships for all 3 types of fatality counts was discovered for the subgroup of megacities with a population of more than 1 million.

Conclusions: The scaling patterns of traffic fatalities of subgroups of cities depend on population sizes of the cities in subgroups. In particular, 9 megacities with populations of more than 1 million are significantly different from the remaining cities and should be viewed as a totally separate group. Thus, analysis of the patterns of traffic fatalities needs to be conducted within the group of megacities separately from the other cities with smaller population sizes for devising prevention policies to reduce traffic fatalities in both megacities and smaller cities.     

Prediction of Cd toxicity to Daphnia magna in the mixture of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and kaolinite

In this study, we investigated cadmium toxicity created by adsorption kinetics in several mixtures containing two types of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (COOH-MWCNT and NH₂-MWCNT) and natural kaolinite. Characteristics of two types of MWCNTs were measured by zeta potential and ATR FT-IR graphs and TEM images. The solution of CNTs and kaolinite was tested to study Cd adsorption kinetics and mechanisms of differentiation-associated toxicity using Daphnia magna in a binary system (Cd–MWCNTs and Cd–kaolinite) and a ternary system (Cd–MWCNTs–kaolinite). In the binary system, Cd removal efficiency was nearly 100% and 40% for MWCNTs and kaolinite because of surface charge, respectively, with increasing sorbent concentration. In the ternary system, the trend of adsorption rate was similar to that of binary system. In comparison with percent mortality in the binary system, the solution in the ternary system showed higher toxicity due to the interaction of MWCNTs–kaolinite coagulated particles, thereby decreasing Cd adsorption onto CNTs and kaolinites. Overall, kaolinite can affect the adsorption process of Cd on MWCNTs in negative ways, depending on adsorption state. In conclusion, our studies suggest that kaolinite differs with adsorption ability of Cd by MWCNTs, and toxicity is likely to be produced by multivariable regression in the adsorption state.

     

Aging estimation of reactor pressure vessel in the field using magnetic properties

Many researchers have been interested in the nondestructive measurement methods for estimating components damage in order to assure the safe service of steel structures. It is recognized that the evaluating techniques based on magnetic measurement can offer a great potential because of high susceptibility to the change of several metallurgical factors. Magnetic property such as coercive force was measured. The coercive force at room temperature monotonously increased with the increase of frequency. The correlation between the magnetic properties of used material and that of un-used material was studied. The coercive force gradient at room temperature increased with the increase of aging. Hence the estimating method using magnetic properties allows one to evaluate the extent of material aging for reactor pressure vessel.     

Carbonaceous resin capsule for vapor-phase monitoring of volatile hydrocarbons in soil: partitioning and kinetic model verification

The resin capsule system (RCS) was tested as a means of providing data on the presence and forms of volatile hydrocarbons. Results indicated that resin capsules provided data showing sensitivity to soil variables (texture and moisture content) and time. The objectives of this paper are to evaluate the RCS methodology and to determine whether carbonaceous resin capsules provide results that can be described by fundamental chemical partitioning and kinetic principles. Findings revealed a significant relationship between quantities of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene adsorbed on the capsule and quantities partitioned into the vapor phase. Kinetic evaluation indicated that the vapor adsorption by the resin capsule is regulated by diffusion processes. No verification of rate-limiting processes was possible due to limitations imposed by the experimental design, but it appears that during early stages, adsorption rate was limited by vapor diffusion through the soil. The resin capsule data also reflected differences that would be expected due to properties of the organic liquids present. These results provide further evidence that the RCS could be developed to suggest direct in situ monitoring to reveal quantities and nature of organic substances in soils.     

不同粒径矿化垃圾对大麦生长发育和斑马鱼胚胎毒性效应研究

将太原东山新沟垃圾填埋场矿化垃圾筛分为900~300μm、300~150μm、150~105μm、105~90μm和90~0μm共5个不同粒径范围,制备浸出液。在分析不同粒径矿化垃圾浸出液的理化指标基础上,研究了矿化垃圾浸出液对大麦和斑马鱼胚胎生长发育的影响。结果显示,矿化垃圾浸出液p H值随粒径的减小而减小,电导率、CODCr、全盐量和总氮则随粒径的减小而增大。矿化垃圾浸出液对大麦的萌发、根长和芽长均表现出抑制作用,且抑制作用随粒径的减小而显著增加,90~0μm抑制作用最强,具体表现为染毒1 d、2 d和3 d后,大麦种子处理组萌发率为对照组的39.74%、56.38%和59.81%;染毒3 d、5 d和7 d后,根长分别为对照组的57.08%、48.33%和41.66%;芽长分别为对照组的66.60%、64.79%和61.65%。斑马鱼胚胎暴露于不同粒径的矿化垃圾浸出液中,胚胎生长发育的毒害作用与粒径大小呈现明显负相关关系,即在最小粒径90~0μm处理后,卵凝结、血循环异常、孵化率、心包水肿及脊柱畸形影响作用达到最大,这5个指标值分别为40.28%、50.00%、51.39%、31.94%和29.17%。以上研究表明,矿化垃圾浸出液对大麦和斑马鱼胚胎生长发育的毒性效应与矿化垃圾粒径分布显著相关,小粒径矿化垃圾(90~0μm)的生态毒性效应最大。     

Heavy Metal Contents and Magnetic Properties of Playground Dust in Hong Kong

This study examined the levels of seven heavy metals (namelyzinc, copper, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese and iron) andtheir associations with magnetic properties in playground dustof Hong Kong. Results showed that the playground dust containedhigh concentrations of Zn (mean = 1883 g g^-1), Cu(mean = 143 g g^-1) and Cr (mean = 263 g g^-1).Qualitative examination of dust samples under microscope indicated local traffic as one of the important pollutant sources. Magnetic measurements indicated that these anthropogenicpollutants mainly consisted of coarse-grained multidomain (MD) ferrimagnetic minerals. Superparamagnetic (SP), stable single domain (SSD) ferrimagnetic grains and non-ferrimagnetic mineralswere present in relatively small amounts. Significant correlations between heavy metals and various magnetic parametersindicated a strong affinity of heavy metals to magnetic minerals hence pointed out the potential of magnetic properties for simpleand rapid proxy indications of heavy metal pollution in playground dust.     

低pH、铝及钙铝比对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)的生理生化影响

为探讨酸沉降对生物早期伤害的机理,研究不同ＰＨ条件下,铝及钙／铝比对斜生栅藻与磷和氮营养代谢有关酶活性的影响,结果表明,铝对酸性磷酶和硝酸还原酶活性有显著抑制作用,当ＰＨ为６．８和５．２,铝２为０．７ｍｇ／Ｌ时,酸性磷酸酶活性仅分别为对照组的４６％和５６％,而硝酸还原酶活性仅为对照组的３７％和３０％当培养基中适当量的钙离子,会一定程度保护藻细胞中这２个酶活性不受低ＰＨ及铝的伤害,钙的缓解作用取决于     

Analysis of gas flow behavior in an annular fluidized-bed reactor for polystyrene waste treatment

The characteristics of bubble properties and the chaotic flow behavior of gas were investigated in an annular fluidized bed (0.102 m in inner diameter and 2 m in height) because the behavior of gas flow in such a reactor is one of the important factors governing reactor operation, reactor performance, and the reaction itself. Pressure fluctuations as a state variable for the analysis of gas flow behavior were measured and analyzed. Bubble properties were determined by adopting the cross-correlation function of pressure fluctuations. The resultant chaotic flow behavior of gas was interpreted by means of chaotic parameters such as the Kolmogorov entropy. It was found that the Kolmogorov entropy could be utilized effectively to explain the nonlinear dynamic behavior of gas-solid flow in the annular fluidized bed. The pierced length and rising velocity of bubbles increased with increasing gas velocity, bed temperature, and particle size of the bed material. The bubble frequency increased with increasing gas velocity and bed temperature, while it decreased with increasing particle size of the bed material. Correlations to predict the bubble properties in annular fluidized-bed reactors were suggested.