不同水生植物配置对河涌污水的净化效果

研究不同配置的挺水植物组合对河涌污水污染物的净化效果,为在河涌污水治理上构建有效的人工湿地植物处理系统提供依据。选择10种净化能力较强的挺水植物,组成6种不同配置的挺水植物组合,采用无土栽培的方式模拟人工湿地的环境进行静态培养试验,测定出不同水生植物组合及在不同污水的停留时间(HRT)下对河涌污水污染物的去除率。6种不同配置的水生植物组合在HRT为5 d时对NH4+-N、TN、TP、CODCr、BOD5的去除率(平均去除率分别为98.2%、81.2%、91.3%、71.8%、79.4%)均较高;以组合1:香根草Vetiveria zizanioides+风车草Cyperus alternifolius+美人蕉Canna indica+菖蒲Acorus calamus+再力花Thalia dealbata的处理效果为最佳。不同水生植物系统对污水的净化效率取决于HRT,当HRT从1～5 d时,NH4+-N、TN、TP去除率每天的增幅均逐渐增加,当HRT从5～7 d时,NH4+-N、TN、TP去除率每天的增幅却均迅速下降;说明3种不同配置的水生植物系统对河涌污水NH4+-N、TN、TP的净化效率均以HRT为5 d时...     

“安全公正空间”框架在区域环境管理中的应用——以太白湖流域为例

近年兴起的“安全公正空间”（Safe and Just Operating Space）理论框架突出了环境安全上限,兼顾了社会发展主要指标的达成度,对区域环境安全和社会可持续发展具有重要意义。选择长江中下游太白湖这一典型湖泊流域,整合周边县市社会调查数据及过去近150余年来的沉积记录（包括地球化学、孢粉、硅藻等多指标）,分别从环境安全及社会基础两个方面,构建了该流域社会-生态系统安全公正空间。结果显示：目前,流域内水质、空气质量、耕地面积和水土保持这4个指标超越了环境上限,处于危险状态;清洁能源、产业创新的社会基础完成度相对较低。该框架有助于流域系统的管理和决策,同时也有利于公众理解环境上限和社会基础之间交互复杂的关系。本研究亦展示了多源环境数据,特别是古湖沼学记录,能为区域生态环境管理提供重要的长期背景资料。     

Study of Asian Dust Phenomena in 2001–2003 Using A Network of Continuously Operated Polarization Lidars

We have conducted dust observations at a number of locations including Beijing, Hefei, Suwon, Fukue, Nagasaki, Tsukuba, and Sapporo using automated two-wavelength polarization lidars o study Asian dust phenomena, including generation, transport, and change during transport. We developed a method using the depolarization ratio for estimating the contributions of Asian dust and spherical air-pollution aerosols in observed aerosol mixtures. We analyzed the dust profiles statistically to derive climatological characteristics and year-on-year variations. We also studied dust source and transport path for each dust event using the regional chemical transport model CFORS. The statistical analysis clearly demonstrated the year-on-year variation of dust phenomena and the characteristics depending on the locations of the observational sites. Most major dust events in 2001 and 2002 originated in Inner Mongolia and/or Mongolia at the southern edge of a low-pressure area located in Siberia and were transported by strong westerlies. In 2003, the typical meteorological pattern for heavy dust cases accompanying a strong low in Siberia was not seen, except for one case in April. Furthermore, the lidar observation in Beijing suggests that less dust was generated in the source regions in Inner Mongolia and/or Mongolia, probably due to higher precipitation in 2003.     

Effect of long-term fertilization on C mineralization and production of CH4 and CO2 under anaerobic incubation from bulk samples and particle size fractions of a typical paddy soil

Impacts of nutrient management on C mineralization and greenhouse gas (GHGs) emission from soils have been of much concern in global change. Using laboratory incubation, the production of CH₄ and CO₂ were studied from both bulk samples and the particle size fractions (PSF) of topsoil from a paddy under a long-term different fertilization trial (including non (NF), chemical without (CF) and with manure (CFM) fertilization, respectively) in the Tai Lake Region, China. Four PSFs (2000–200, 200–20, 20–2, <2 μm) were separated from undisturbed samples collected after rice harvest by a low-energy ultrasonic dispersion procedure. Both the bulk samples and PSFs were incubated under submerged condition for 72 days. The concentration of CH₄ and CO₂ evolved during incubation were determined by gas chromatography. C mineralization rates ranged from 0.13 to 0.52 mg C g⁻¹ C day⁻¹, with different fertilizations and size of the PSFs, and were not correlated with C/N ratio. While CO₂ production predominated over CH₄ from C mineralization from both bulk samples and the size fractions, CH₄ production played a predominant role in the total global warming potential (GWP) under all treatments. C mineralization of bulk soil was significantly higher under CF than under CFM and NF. CH₄ production, however, was 3 times as under CFM and 27 times as under NF, indicating a tremendous effect of chemical fertilization alone on the total GWP. CO₂ production from the PSFs differed from CH₄ under a single treatment, which was notably from the coarse PSFs larger than 200 μm. Higher C mineralization and CH₄ production with a higher metabolic quotient under CF implicated a vulnerability of soil functioning of GHGs mitigation in the paddy receiving chemical fertilizers only. Thus, rational organic amendments should be undertaken for mitigating the climate change.     

贵州省旱田土壤N2O释放及其环境影响因素

以贵州省的玉米-油菜轮作田、大豆-冬小麦轮作和休耕地为研究对象,采用密闭箱-气相色谱法,对整个轮作期的土壤N2O释放进行观测,初步研究我国亚热带旱田的N2O释放特征.实验研究结果表明,3试验田N2O释放通量具有相同的规律性日变化形式,秋收作物达通量极大值的时间比越冬作物滞后2h～3h,气温是控制N2O通量日变化的主要环境因子:3试验田N2O释放通量(以N2O中的N计)分别在9.81～433.11,4.00～180.41和9.74～282.00μg·m-2·h-1,高于我国水田和北方旱田的N2O释放通量;进一步分析表明,3试验田N2O释放通量具有相同的季节变化模式,N2O释放峰受降雨事件的直接影响,N2O通量与降雨量和土壤湿度间有显著的正相关性,而与温度的关系不明显.     

甲烷排放源逆向轨迹反演模式研究

基于逆向轨迹计算和单点浓度连续观测资料建立了一个甲烷排放源的反演模式 .经系统调试表明模式具有正确反映边界层物理过程的能力 .在理想条件下 ,模式相当准确地反演出 1 0 0km水平范围内设定的排放源和分布 .用 9天的实际甲烷浓度连续观测资料对北京地区的排放源情况进行个例计算 ,获得主要源块的排放率在0 0 0 66～ 0 0 2 6mg/ (m2 ·s)范围内 ,与区域内的重要排放源 (稻田 )的排放情况相一致 .反演所得源块与区域内的稻田分布亦有一定的空间对应关系     

不同作物原料热裂解生物质炭对溶液中Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附特性

选择由小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和花生壳经350-500℃热裂解制成的生物质炭,研究生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附特性,分析了pH值、吸附时间、溶液初始质量浓度、生物质炭粒径和投加量对吸附效果的影响。结果表明：生物质炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附约10 min即达平衡;3种生物质炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的等温吸附均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程拟合,玉米秸秆炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的最大吸附量远大于小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭;在生物黑炭投加量为150 mg（6 g.L-1）时,3种生物黑炭对溶液Cd2＋的去除率均在90%以上,玉米秸秆炭对溶液Pb2＋的去除率达90.30%,而小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭的去除率仅为52%和47%,玉米秸秆炭有望成为处理重金属污染废水的新型吸附材料。     

农业气象灾害分析网络服务系统

以大量翔实的农业气象灾害资料为基础,结合实时农业气象灾情分析,在ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓＮＴＳｅｒｖｅｒ网络环境下,研制出具有网络功能的农业气象灾害分析服务系统,系统在Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ的ＮｅｔｓｃａｐｅＮａｖｉｇａｔｏｒ或Ｅｘｐｌｏｒｅｒｔｏ览器下运行,简便实用．系统以灾害服务为宗旨,体现了信息量大、服务迅速的特点。内容包括农业气象灾害类型库、逐年农业气象灾害评判库、实时农业气象灾害分析及灾情服务流程．     

臭氧/钛酸铋系化合物催化氧化降解橙黄Ⅳ的初步研究

采用化学溶液分解法制备了钛酸铋系化合物,并研究了其催化臭氧化降解橙IV(C18H14KN3O35)溶液的性能.结果表明,在Bi/Ti摩尔比12:1、热处理温度550℃条件下制备的催化剂性能最优,其COD去除率达40.3%,比单独臭氧作用(20.3%)提高了1倍,并明显优于TiO2和Bi2O3的催化效果(分别为28.9%和21.4%).同时,考察了催化剂投量、橙IV初始浓度、臭氧投量、pH值、重复使用等反应条件对催化剂性能的影响.初步推断,此催化臭氧化反应为非羟基自由基的含氧自由基作用机理.