Effect of AlCl3 concentration on nanoparticle removal by coagulation

In recent years, engineered nanoparticles, as a new group of contaminants emerging in natural water, have been given more attention. In order to understand the behavior of nanoparticles in the conventional water treatment process, three kinds of nanoparticle suspensions, namely multi-walled carbon nanotube-humic acid (MWCNT-HA), multi-walled carbon nanotube-N,N-dimethylformamide (MWCNT-DMF) and nanoTiO₂-humic acid (TiO₂-HA) were employed to investigate their coagulation removal efficiencies with varying aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) concentrations. Results showed that nanoparticle removal rate curves had a reverse “U” shape with increasing concentration of aluminum ion (Al^3 +). More than 90% of nanoparticles could be effectively removed by an appropriate Al^3 + concentration. At higher Al^3 + concentration, nanoparticles would be restabilized. The hydrodynamic particle size of nanoparticles was found to be the crucial factor influencing the effective concentration range (ECR) of Al^3 + for nanoparticle removal. The ECR of Al^3 + followed the order MWCNT-DMF > MWCNT-HA > TiO₂-HA, which is the reverse of the nanoparticle size trend. At a given concentration, smaller nanoparticles carry more surface charges, and thus consume more coagulants for neutralization. Therefore, over-saturation occurred at relatively higher Al^3 + concentration and a wider ECR was obtained. The ECR became broader with increasing pH because of the smaller hydrodynamic particle size of nanoparticles at higher pH values. A high ionic strength of NaCl can also widen the ECR due to its strong potential to compress the electric double layer. It was concluded that it is important to adjust the dose of Al^3 + in the ECR for nanoparticle removal in water treatment.     

跨区域生态合作利益冲突的动态演化博弈分析

跨区域的生态合作是破解我国生态环境保护困境的途径之一,参与博弈各方的利益冲突情况是决定生态合作能否顺利开展的关键。采用非对称动态演化博弈模型对博弈过程中各方的利益冲突进行分析,结果表明:演化博弈的最终结局只与保护实施方的决策有关;政府干预可以显著改善生态合作的博弈结果;政府对跨区域生态合作结局的调整主要通过两条途径,其一是影响博弈双方的初始状态,其二是影响博弈双方的策略调整速度;政府干预并非总是带来好的生态保护结局。最后,在博弈均衡的基础上为我国跨区域生态合作提供了政策建议。     

沼气产生菌的低温筛选及其复配研究

采用厌氧培养技术、低温培养技术(8℃)及多种菌群的混合培养技术,分别通过限制性培养基,分离筛选出产甲烷菌(MPB)、纤维素降解菌(FDB)、蛋白酶产生菌(PPB)、硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)以及产氢细菌(HPB),以猪粪、油菜秸秆、牛粪为发酵底物,进行复合发酵沼气试验。结果表明:当MPB、FDB、PPB、SRB、HPB混合比例为4∶3∶3∶1∶2时,甲烷的产量最高,其得率达200.13 m L/L,明显高于未添加复合菌剂时的甲烷产量(仅48.02 m L/L)。     

含氯有机物机械化学法脱氯试验研究

难降解含氯有机物的处理一直是环境治理中的难点,研究开发高效、安全的新型降解技术是目前研究工作的当务之急.以含氯有机物四氯苯醌为研究对象,采用新型的机械化学法(球磨)对其进行脱氯降解试验,研究了四氯苯醌的脱氯速率与还原剂种类(铁酸锌、烟尘、锌粉、石灰)及添加比例、球磨时间等参数之间的关系.试验结果表明:石灰作为还原剂脱氯效果最好,当四氯苯醌与石灰质量比为1∶11、球磨时间为4h时,其脱氯率接近100％.通过对球磨产物进行XRD、IR、GC-MS分析,结果发现球磨后产物大部分是CaO和Ca(OH)2,氯从四氯苯醌上脱除并形成了碳氢键,氯离子可能以无定形形态存在.     

川中丘陵县域土壤pH空间变异及影响因素分析——以四川仁寿县为例

利用2012年在仁寿县采集的555个表层土样(0~20cm),应用地统计学方法分析了该县域尺度表层土壤pH值的空间变异特征;并采用方差分析和回归分析量化主要影响因素对土壤pH值空间变异的影响程度。结果表明:研究区土壤pH值在4.02~8.14之间,平均为6.80,总体上以中性和碱性土壤为主;变异系数为14.48%,属中等程度的空间变异性。地统计分析表明,研究区土壤pH值变异函数的最佳理论模型为球状模型,具有中等程度的空间自相关性,且空间自相关范围较大。方差分析和回归分析表明,土壤类型、成土母质和土地利用方式是显著影响土壤pH值的主要因素。其中,成土母质和土地利用方式分别能独立解释76.2%和4.8%的土壤pH值空间变异。土壤类型的解释能力与分类级别有关,土类、亚类和土属可分别独立解释41.3%、57.3%和83.7%的土壤pH值空间变异,因而能反映成土过程和母质特性的土属是研究区土壤pH值空间变异的主控因素。研究结果可为川中丘陵县域尺度土壤pH空间变异分析及区域生态环境管理与建设提供有益参考。     

关于焦化行业CO2排放核算方法的探讨

本文分析了适用于焦化行业通用CO₂排放核算方法,在此基础上结合我国焦化行业工艺和原料的特征,采用排放因子法和物料衡算法等两种方法对10家典型焦化企业CO₂排放进行核算。结果表明:物料衡算法能很好地反映不同类型焦化企业的排放特征;排放因子法对我国独立焦化企业存在碳排放量系统性高估的可能。为此,建议我国焦化企业可借鉴德国焦化企业的碳核算经验,采用碳平衡法对不同类型的焦化企业(单元)的碳排放量进行核算,并完善相关的统计和监测技术。     

Linkages Between Nutrients and Assemblages of Macroinvertebrates and Fish in Wadeable Streams: Implication to Nutrient Criteria Development

We sampled 240 wadeable streams across Wisconsin for different forms of phosphorus and nitrogen, and assemblages of macroinvertebrates and fish to (1) examine how macroinvertebrate and fish measures correlated with the nutrients; (2) quantify relationships between key biological measures and nutrient forms to identify potential threshold levels of nutrients to support nutrient criteria development; and (3) evaluate the importance of nutrients in influencing biological assemblages relative to other physicochemical factors at different spatial scales. Twenty-three of the 35 fish and 18 of the 26 macroinvertebrate measures significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with at least one nutrient measure. Percentages of carnivorous, intolerant, and omnivorous fishes, index of biotic integrity, and salmonid abundance were fish measures correlated with the most nutrient measures and had the highest correlation coefficients. Percentages of Ephemeroptera–Plecoptera–Trichoptera individuals and taxa, Hilsenhoff biotic index, and mean tolerance value were macroinvertebrate measures that most strongly correlated with the most nutrient measures. Selected biological measures showed clear trends toward degradation as concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen increased, and some measures showed clear thresholds where biological measures changed drastically with small changes in nutrient concentrations. Our selected environmental factors explained 54% of the variation in the fish assemblages. Of this explained variance, 46% was attributed to catchment and instream habitat, 15% to nutrients, 3% to other water quality measures, and 36% to the interactions among all the environmental variables. Selected environmental factors explained 53% of the variation in macroinvertebrate assemblages. Of this explained variance, 42% was attributed to catchment and instream habitat, 22% to nutrients, 5% to other water quality measures, and 32% to the interactions among all the environmental variables.     

Bi2MoO6/纳米棒ZnO异质结对MB的可见光-压电协同降解性能研究

采用水热法合成了一系列不同负载率的Bi₂MoO₆/纳米棒ZnO复合光催化剂.通过XRD、FT-IR、SEM、TEM、XPS、UV-Vis、EPR和PL等分析技术对合成的样品进行表征.在光/超声波条件下,以亚甲基蓝（MB）为目标降解物评价其压电-光催化性能.结果表明：Bi₂MoO₆/ZnO纳米棒（BZ-0.6）的降解速率常数约为ZnO传统光催化的9.25倍,其性能提升的主要原因在于ZnO的压电效应与Bi₂MoO₆/ZnO界面形成的异质结的耦合,有效地促进了电子和空穴的分离和转移.此外,同实验条件下,循环利用5次后Bi₂MoO₆/ZnO复合光催化剂降解率仍保持良好的稳定性.     

电活性生物膜阳极构建及其对2，4，6-三氯酚同步降解和产电

为实现氯酚（CPs）的高效降解和资源化利用,探究微生物燃料电池（MFC）体系优势功能菌,揭示生物降解路径.接种、驯化长春市南郊污水处理厂的厌氧活性污泥,获得生物膜阳极以构筑MFC-2,4,6-TCP体系,基于扫描电子电镜（SEM）、16S rRNA分析测序方法,考察生物膜阳极微生物的附着情况和优势菌种,基于电化学阻抗（EIS）、循环伏安（CV）和线性扫描伏安（LSV）等电化学分析手段,表征生物阳极的电化学性能和氧化还原能力.结果表明,生物膜阳极微生物种类丰富,其中Geobacter和Acinetobacter分别为MFC-2,4,6-TCP体系产电和降解驯化期的优势功能菌,体系最大输出电压可达0.55 V,最大功率密度为428.65 mW·m-2,对2,4,6-TCP的降解和矿化率可达97.5%和85.4%.随着MFC循环次数的增加,微生物代谢途径多样化,产电菌逐渐演替为协同菌,且优势功能菌对2,4,6-TCP降解的中间产物（环己醇）,其毒性远低于氯酚或苯酚,更利于被微生物利用.该结果可为氯酚废水的实际处理提供新策略和技术参考.     

典型的固定源排放可凝结颗粒物中无机组分研究

近年来我国各类典型固定源排放可过滤颗粒物（Filterable Particulate Matter,FPM）的水平已经明显降低,然而固定源可凝结颗粒物（Condensable Particulate Matter,CPM）的排放水平却逐渐引起人们的关注和重视.因此研究不同类型固定源CPM的排放特征对进一步了解和控制固定源颗粒物的排放具有重要意义.本研究根据美国EPA Method 202搭建了一套CPM的采样装置,对5个不同固定源排放的CPM进行了采样.实验结果表明在两个燃煤电厂、一个烧结厂和两个垃圾焚烧厂中,CPM的排放浓度分别为 7.65、26.00、28.89、6.82和5.53 mg·m^-3,无机组分在CPM中的占比分别为69%、62%、43%、62%和71%.其中SO₄^2-是燃煤电厂和烧结厂排放CPM中最主要的水溶性离子,占总离子的67%以上.Cl^-是垃圾焚烧厂排放CPM中最主要的水溶性离子,占总离子的37%以上.K、Ca、Na、Fe、Mg和Al等元素在各类固定源CPM排放的总元素中占比较高,大约在80%以上.此外,在燃煤电厂和烧结厂排放CPM中的未知组分比例大约在20%以上,说明现阶段我们对CPM组成成分的研究还有限,未来应当继续探索研究.