Pxrf土壤重金属检测的影响因素、模式与校正方法

针对便携式X射线荧光光谱（Pxrf）法测定土壤重金属检测精度不足的问题,提出一种以Pxrf测定值及场地参数的特性关系为基础的通用建模方法和流程,用以构建适用于各场地特性的Pxrf校正模型,以提高Pxrf的测量准确度.以北京某典型矿区污染场地为例开展研究,选取土壤中Pb、Sr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn 6种重金属,通过潜在相关因子（土壤有机质含量、含水率、实际污染物含量）及其不同数学变换形式（指数、对数、幂函数的数学变换）与Pxrf测定值的相关分析,识别显著影响Pxrf测定值的影响变量、影响程度及影响形式;基于影响因子识别结果,建立其与Pxrf的数学模型表达式,实现Pxrf测定值校正,准确值提高的目的.结果表明：Pb、Cu、Zn 3种重金属的Pxrf测量值与实际浓度呈现显著相关,相关系数值为0.75~0.82;重金属Sr、Fe、Mn相关系数值为0.25~0.52,其相关性稍差.含水率对Pxrf检测影响程度从小到大排列依次为Sr、Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn,相关系数值范围为0.1~0.7.所有重金属的Pxrf测量值受土壤有机质含量影响弱,相关系数均低于0.5.经模式变换后,重金属Zn、Pb、Cu的Pxrf测量值与实际浓度相关性呈增大趋势（增大了4%~13%）;其他重金属无显著变化.模型校验结果显示,Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn四种重金属的模型可用来提高该场地Pxrf法检测精度.相较于原始Pxrf测量值,可用模型中经校正后的Pxrf值的相对误差从32.4%~56.6%降至4%~29.9%.     

Preparation and characterization of a novel hybrid chelating material for effective adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ)

The discharge of heavy metal ions such as Cu~2+and Pb~2+poses a severe threat to public health and the environment owing to their extreme toxicity and bioaccumulation through food chains Herein, we report a novel organic–inorganic hybrid adsorbent, Al(OH)_3-poly(acrylamide dimethyldiallylammonium chloride)-graft-dithiocarbamate(APD), for rapid and effectiv removal of Cu~2+and Pb~2+. In this adsorbent, the "star-like" structure of Al(OH)3 poly(acrylamide-dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) served as the support of dithiocarbamat(DTC) functional groups for easy access of heavy metal ions and assisted development of larg and compact floccules. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA). APD was demonstrated to hav rapid adsorption kinetics with an initial rate of 267.379 and 2569.373 mg/(g·min) as well a superior adsorption capacities of 317.777 and 586.699 mg/g for Cu~2+and Pb~2+respectively. Th adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, involving intraparticle diffusion and chemical interaction between heavy metal ions and the functional groups of APD. To assess it versatility and wide applicability, APD was also used in turbid heavy metal wastewater, and performed well in removing suspended particles and heavy metal ions simultaneously through flocculation and chelation. The rapid, convenient and effective adsorption of Cu~2+and Pb~2+give APD great potential for heavy metal decontamination in industrial applications.     

Assessment of Potential Capability of Water Bamboo Leaves on the Adsorption Removal Efficiency of Cationic Dye from Aqueous Solutions

Removal of toxic pollutants from water and wastewater is becoming an important process with the increase of industrial activities. The present study focused on assessing the suitability and efficiency of water bamboo leaves (WBL) for the removal of cationic dye from aqueous solutions. The effect of different variables in the batch method including solution pH (2–12), initial dye concentration (50–250 mg L^?1), adsorbent dose (0.05–0.30 g), contact time (5–180 min) and temperature (283–333 K) on the dye removal was investigated. The adsorption kinetics was discussed in view of four kinetics models. The results showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetics model described dye adsorption on WBL very well. The experimental equilibrium data were also tested by four isotherm models. It was found that adsorption of dye on WBL fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model, implying the binding energy on the whole surface of the adsorbent was uniform and the dye molecules onto the surface of the adsorbent were monolayer coverage. Calculation of various thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption process indicated feasibility and exothermic nature of dye adsorption.     

2,6-二甲基-β-环糊精螯合强化葎草对Pb吸收的影响和机理

采用盆栽试验研究了EDTA、2,6-二甲基-β-环糊精对Pb污染土壤上葎草生长及Pb积累特性的影响.土壤中硝酸铅含量分别为0、600和1200 mg·kg~(-1),螯合剂的含量为硝酸铅含量的0.5倍和1.0倍.结果表明:EDTA和2,6-二甲基-β-环糊精对Pb离子均有显著増溶作用,且二者之间没有差异;EDTA对葎草的生长有轻微抑制作用,而2,6-二甲基-β-环糊精与对照没有差异,原因可能是形成了Pb-2,6-二甲基-β-环糊精络合物降低了Pb的毒性;EDTA和2,6-二甲基-β-环糊精都显著促进了葎草根、茎、叶部对Pb离子的吸收.EDTA处理的葎草在硝酸铅含量为600mg·kg~(-1),螯合剂浓度为0.9 mmol·L~(-1)时,转移率达到最大值1.34,而2,6-二甲基-β-环糊精的转移率最大值为0.36.虽然2,6-二甲基-β-环糊精的转移率较低,但由于葎草的生物量大,2,6-二甲基-β-环糊精可以作为葎草提取修复的一种新型螯合剂,葎草也可用作植物提取修复的参考植物.由于2,6-二甲基-β-环糊精具有独特的“内疏水,外亲水”结构,推测其促进葎草吸收转移Pb的机理可能是会以Pb-2,6-二甲基-β-环糊精络合物的溶解物形式在葎草的质外体通道中移动,进入木质部,最终通过蒸腾流的驱动转运至地上部.     

梭罗沟金矿氧化矿选矿废水破氰处理试验研究

四川省梭罗沟金矿氧化矿选矿过程中产生的氰化尾矿浆水呈较强碱性,COD、CN-、Cu+、Ni2+、Zn2+浓度超出《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级标准限值,特别是CN+超标515倍.通过加入不同剂量漂白粉,对氰化尾矿浆水进行破氰处理实验,使破氰尾矿浆澄清水呈中性,CN-和各离子浓度均满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级标准,最终得到针对处理梭罗沟金矿氰化尾矿浆水适合的漂白粉用量.     

基于模糊FMEA法的乏燃料剪切机剪切装置风险评估

为了有效控制乏燃料后处理立式送料剪切机剪切装置在运行过程中的风险,采用基于模糊理论的故障模式及影响分析(FMEA)对剪切装置的故障模式进行风险评价。首先将风险优先指数(RPN)的3个评价指标视为模糊变量并模糊化,接着采用专家打分的方式对各故障模式进行模糊评价,采用重心法解模糊化,计算得出各故障模式的模糊风险优先指数(FRPN),从而确定机械设备中各故障模式的风险控制顺序。利用模糊FMEA法对乏燃料立式送料剪切机剪切装置的故障模式进行了风险评估,结果表明,吊篮焊接件裂纹、主刀体破损、刀具退刀固定档板变形为风险较大的故障模式,分析结果与工程实际较吻合。     

Concentration,sources, influencing factors and hazards of heavy metals in indoor and outdoor dust: A review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Heavy metals are a common class of toxic contaminants in soil, water and air, yet their occurrence in indoor environments is less known. Heavy metals enter...     

水化氯铝酸钙对土壤铬的钝化修复及风险评估

本研究采集我国棕壤、红壤、黄壤、黑土和褐土5种典型土壤，制备成Cr （VI）浓度为80mg/kg的污染样品，首次应用极具潜力的层状双金属氢氧化物——水化氯铝酸钙对其进行钝化修复，并从土壤特定基本理化性质以及Cr的赋存形态、生态风险以及健康风险等方面对修复效果进行综合评价，对相关机理进行深入探讨，对使用成本进行简析.结果表明，水化氯铝酸钙可显著增加土壤pH值，并有效降低土壤Cr的活跃性、生态风险和健康风险；土壤Cr的活跃性降幅为59.09%~79.22%，生态风险降幅为14.17%~57.66%，在胃阶段和小肠阶段的健康风险（致癌风险）降幅分别为13.04%~63.04%和22.73%~56.60%.土壤Cr的赋存形态中，除了活跃态以外，修复前后均有部分不活跃态具有生态风险或健康风险.水化氯铝酸钙除了可将活跃态Cr转化到不活跃的沉淀态中，部分或完全地降低其生态风险或健康风险外，还能在一定程度上控制某些土壤中其余不活跃态Cr在毒性浸出实验或in vitro试验中的溶出.在相对最优使用量（m_Cr：m_{水化氯铝酸钙}=1：20）条件下，水化氯铝酸钙钝化修复1m³的Cr （VI）含量为80mg/kg的实际污染建设用地土壤，其试剂成本约为6.4元.作为新型Cr污染土壤钝化修复剂，水化氯铝酸钙有望为我国土壤环境质量和人群健康质量的改善做出贡献.     

基于物资分类的煤炭企业供应商选择研究

从利润影响度、市场供应风险、需求稳定性对煤炭物资分类,针对筛选出的战略波动型物资,构建由7个一级指标、16个二级指标组成的多层次多属性供应商选择指标体系。结合实例,采用改进的三标度层次分析法确定指标权重,运用PROMETHEE-II法计算各供应商的净流量值对其排序,得到最终决策。整个决策过程可操作性强,对煤炭企业供应商选择有一定的指导意义。     

贵州省典型矿区土壤重金属污染对蚯蚓的毒性效应评估

选取我国贵州省某矿区典型的重金属复合污染土壤开展28 d慢性毒性暴露试验,以蚯蚓体内2种抗氧化酶活性——过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-ODHG)和金属硫蛋白(MT)含量为生物指标,评估了以上生物指标与土壤重金属含量的相关性,探讨该研究方法用于矿区土壤重金属生态风险评估的可行性。结果表明,CAT和SOD在暴露周期内均出现先诱导后抑制的动态响应过程,表明蚯蚓通过提高CAT和SOD的活性来清除机体因污染胁迫而产生的自由基,以适应环境变化,在毒性缓解后,蚯蚓体内代谢产物的积累抑制了抗氧化氢酶活性,CAT和SOD活性下降并趋于稳定。暴露于重金属污染亚致死浓度时,蚯蚓体内的8-OHDG含量随着暴露时间的延长显著降低,随着暴露浓度的增加,损伤存在由低到高的转变。在28 d暴露周期内,蚯蚓体内MT在重金属胁迫下发挥了解毒作用,MT含量在蚯蚓暴露后第7天增加,随后逐渐降低。本文基于生物毒性试验综合评估了矿区典型重金属污染土壤的生态风险,研究结果对指导重金属复合污染土壤的修复与再利用具有重要意义。