A new method for bisphenol A (BPA) degradation in aqueous solution was developed. The characteristics of BPA degradation in a heterogeneous ultraviolet (UV)/Fenton reaction catalyzed by FeCo2O4/TiO2/graphite oxide (GO) were studied. The properties of the synthesized catalysts were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometry. FeCo2O4 and TiO2 were grown as spherical shape, rough surface, and relatively uniform on the surface of GO (FeCo2O4/TiO2/GO). Batch tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of the initial pH, FeCo2O4/TiO2/GO dosage, and H2O2 concentration on BPA degradation. In a system with 0.5 g L−1 of FeCo2O4/TiO2/GO and 10 mmol L−1 of H2O2, approximately 90 % of BPA (20 mg L−1) was degraded within 240 min of UV irradiation at pH 6.0. The reused FeCo2O4/TiO2/GO catalyst retained its activity after three cycles, which indicates that it is stable and reusable. The heterogeneous UV/Fenton reaction catalyzed by FeCo2O4/TiO2/GO is a promising advanced oxidation technology for treating wastewater that contains BPA.
This paper describes how energy policy can be evaluated in practice. The goal is to make policy makers aware of how an evaluation can be based on scientific principles and to help economists appreciate how an evaluation can be performed if strong empirical evidence is lacking. We have built a basic evaluation framework and have applied this to a selection of Dutch energy policy instruments, namely production subsidies and their complementary non-financial instrument, DEN-B. Our evaluation criterion was effectiveness, defined as the extent to which policy instruments contribute to achieving policy goals. The evaluation was based on existing ex post evaluations complemented by interviews and other available data. We conclude that production subsidies and DEN-B were (partly) effective. Furthermore, the Dutch government increased effectiveness by reconsidering the design of production subsidies. We also formulate lessons for future policy evaluations and energy markets policies. 相似文献
The sustainability of deltas worldwide is under threat due to the consequences of global environmental change (including climate change) and human interventions in deltaic landscapes. Understanding these systems is becoming increasingly important to assess threats to and opportunities for long-term sustainable development. Here, we propose a simplified, yet inclusive social–ecological system (SES)-centered risk and vulnerability framework and a list of indicators proven to be useful in past delta assessments. In total, 236 indicators were identified through a structured review of peer-reviewed literature performed for three globally relevant deltas—the Mekong, the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna and the Amazon. These are meant to serve as a preliminary “library” of potential indicators to be used for future vulnerability assessments. Based on the reviewed studies, we identified disparities in the availability of indicators to populate some of the vulnerability domains of the proposed framework, as comprehensive social–ecological assessments were seldom implemented in the past. Even in assessments explicitly aiming to capture both the social and the ecological system, there were many more indicators for social susceptibility and coping/adaptive capacities as compared to those relevant for characterizing ecosystem susceptibility or robustness. Moreover, there is a lack of multi-hazard approaches accounting for the specific vulnerability profile of sub-delta areas. We advocate for more comprehensive, truly social–ecological assessments which respond to multi-hazard settings and recognize within-delta differences in vulnerability and risk. Such assessments could make use of the proposed framework and list of indicators as a starting point and amend it with new indicators that would allow capturing the complexity as well as the multi-hazard exposure in a typical delta SES. 相似文献
Fishers and small-scale fisheries worldwide have been marginalized historically. Now it is clear that integrating fishers
in management processes is key to resource conservation, but it is less clear how to do it. Here, based on a literature review and new information, we present and analyze a case in which the participation
of fishers in the management process was crucial in recovering an overexploited small-scale fishery for the pirarucu (Arapaima spp.) in the Amazon Basin, Brazil. In 8 years of experimental management, from 1999 to 2006, the population of pirarucu increased
9-fold (from about 2200 to 20,650 individuals), harvest quotas increased 10-fold (from 120 to 1249 individuals), and fishers’
participation in the management process increased and they benefited from increased monetary returns. Additionally, the number
of communities conducting the management scheme increased from 4 in 1999 to 108 in 2006, following the demands of fishers
and regional government agencies. Based on our analysis, we suggest that the participation of fishers in the management of
other small-scale fisheries in the world can be improved by focusing on (1) applying the knowledge and skills of fishers in
resource monitoring and management, (2) bridging knowledge systems among all involved stakeholders, (3) collaborating with
fishers that are interested in, and capable of conducting, resource conservation schemes, and (4) conducting management under
conditions of uncertainty. 相似文献
Urban forests are popular recreation areas in Europe. Several of these temperate broad-leaved forests also have a high conservation
value due to sustainable management over many centuries. Recreational activities, particularly the use of fireplaces, can
cause extensive damage to soil, ground vegetation, shrubs, and trees. Firewood collection depletes woody debris, leading to
a loss of habitat for specialized organisms. We examined the effects of fireplace use on forest vegetation and the amount
of woody debris by comparing disturbed and control plots in suburban forests in northwestern Switzerland. At frequently used
fireplaces, we found reduced species densities in the ground vegetation and shrub layer and changes in plant species composition
due to human trampling within an area of 150–200 m2. Picnicking and grilling also reduced the height and changed the age structure of shrubs and young trees. The amount of woody
debris was lower in disturbed plots than in control plots. Pieces of wood with a diameter of 0.6–7.6 cm were preferentially
collected by fireplace users. The reduction in woody debris volume extended up to a distance of 16 m from the fire ring, covering
an area of 800 m2 at each picnic site. In order to preserve the ecological integrity of urban forests and to maintain their attractiveness
as important recreation areas, we suggest depositing logging residues to be used as firewood and to restrict visitor movements
near picnic sites. 相似文献
Agri-environment programs aim to secure environmental and social stewardship services through payments to farmers. A critical
component of many agri-environment programs is an agri-environment index (AEI) used to quantify benefits and target investments.
An AEI will typically comprise multiple indicators, which are weighted and combined using a utility function, to measure the
benefit of investment options (e.g., projects, farms, regions). This article presents a review of AEIs with 11 case studies
from agri-environment programs in the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom. We identify a generic procedure used
to define AEIs and explore the implications of alternative methodological approaches. We conclude that AEIs have become an
extremely important policy instrument and make suggestions for their improvement. 相似文献