Aureobasidium pullulans UVMU3-1产耐热性胞外漆酶活性物质培养基优化及其对染料脱色作用

对出芽短梗霉无色素突变株Aureobasidium pullulans UVMU3-1产耐热性胞外漆酶活性物质培养基进行优化,并研究其分子量大小、热稳定性及对三苯甲烷类染料孔雀石绿和结晶紫的脱色作用.结果表明:蔗糖、NaNO_3为UVMU3-1产耐热性胞外漆酶活性物质的最佳碳源和氮源,产酶优化培养基配方为:蔗糖66.5 g·L~(-1),NaNO_338.4 g·L~(-1),NaCl 1.08 g·L~(-1),酵母浸粉0.2 g·L~(-1),KH_2PO_41 g·L~(-1),pH=6.0.影响UVMU3-1产耐热性胞外漆酶活性物质的因素依次为:起始pH蔗糖NaClNaNO_3,培养7 d时产生最大酶活(94.81 U·L~(-1)),比对照提高3.85倍.其分子量小于1000 D,具有良好的热稳定性,煮沸30 min后高温酶活仍残留72.50%.粗酶液(7.5 U·L~(-1))与三苯甲烷类代表性染料孔雀石绿和结晶紫75℃反应5 min后,脱色率分别为76.3%、77.5%,反应35 min后脱色率分别达到96.3%、95.3%.     

Applying a new method for direct collection, volume quantification and determination of N2 emission from water

The emission of N₂ is important to remove excess N from lakes, ponds, and wetlands. To investigate the gas emission from water, Gao et al. (2013) developed a new method using a bubble trap device to collect gas samples from waters. However, the determination accuracy of sampling volume and gas component concentration was still debatable. In this study, the method was optimized for in situ sampling, accurate volume measurement and direct injection to a gas chromatograph for the analysis of N₂ and other gases. By the optimized new method, the recovery rate for N₂ was 100.28% on average; the mean coefficient of determination (R²) was 0.9997; the limit of detection was 0.02%. We further assessed the effects of the new method, bottle full of water, vs. vacuum bag and vacuum vial methods, on variations of N₂ concentration as influenced by sample storage times of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days at constant temperature of 15°C, using indices of averaged relative peak area (%) in comparison with the averaged relative peak area of each method at 0 day. The indices of the bottle full of water method were the lowest (99.5%-108.5%) compared to the indices of vacuum bag and vacuum vial methods (119%-217%). Meanwhile, the gas chromatograph determination of other gas components (O₂, CH₄, and N₂O) was also accurate. The new method was an alternative way to investigate N₂ released from various kinds of aquatic ecosystems.     

Rapid and simple spectrophotometric determination of persulfate in water by microwave assisted decolorization of Methylene Blue

A rapid and simple method for determination of persulfate in aqueous solution was developed. The method is based on the rapid reaction of persulfate with Methylene Blue(MB) via domestic microwave activation, which can promote the activation of persulfate and decolorize MB quickly. The depletion of MB at 644 nm(the maximum absorption wavelength of MB) is in proportion to the increasing concentration of persulfate in aqueous solution. Linear calibration curve was obtained in the range 0–1.5 mmol/L, with a limit of detection of 0.0028 mmol/L. The reaction time is rapid(within 60 sec), which is much shorter than that used for conventional methods. Compared with existing analytical methods, it need not any additives, especially colorful Fe2+, and need not any pretreatment for samples, such as p H adjustment.     

Mercury adsorption characteristics of HBr-modified fly ash in an entrained-flow reactor

In this study, the mercury adsorption characteristics of HBr-modified fly ash in an entrained-flow reactor were investigated through thermal decomposition methods. The results show that the mercury adsorption performance of the HBr-modified fly ash was enhanced significantly. The mercury species adsorbed by unmodified fly ash were HgCl₂, HgS and HgO. The mercury adsorbed by HBr-modified fly ash, in the entrained-flow reactor, existed in two forms, HgBr₂ and HgO, and the HBr was the dominant factor promoting oxidation of elemental mercury in the entrained-flow reactor. In the current study, the concentration of HgBr₂ and HgO in ash from the fine ash vessel was 4.6 times greater than for ash from the coarse ash vessel. The fine ash had better mercury adsorption performance than coarse ash, which is most likely due to the higher specific surface area and longer residence time.     

A screening assay for thyroid hormone signaling disruption based on thyroid hormone-response gene expression analysis in the frog Pelophylax nigromaculatus

Amphibian metamorphosis provides a wonderful model to study the thyroid hormone (TH) signaling disrupting activity of environmental chemicals, with Xenopus laevis as the most commonly used species. This study aimed to establish a rapid and sensitive screening assay based on TH-response gene expression analysis using Pelophylax nigromaculatus, a native frog species distributed widely in East Asia, especially in China. To achieve this, five candidate TH-response genes that were sensitive to T3 induction were chosen as molecular markers, and T3 induction was determined as 0.2 nmol/L T3 exposure for 48 hr. The developed assay can detect the agonistic activity of T3 with a lowest observed effective concentration of 0.001 nmol/L and EC50 at around 0.118–1.229 nmol/L, exhibiting comparable or higher sensitivity than previously reported assays. We further validated the efficiency of the developed assay by detecting the TH signaling disrupting activity of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a known TH signaling disruptor. In accordance with previous reports, we found a weak TH agonistic activity for TBBPA in the absence of T3, whereas a TH antagonistic activity was found for TBBPA at higher concentrations in the presence of T3, showing that the P. nigromaculatus assay is effective for detecting TH signaling disrupting activity. Importantly, we observed non-monotonic dose-dependent disrupting activity of TBBPA in the presence of T3, which is difficult to detect with in vitro reporter gene assays. Overall, the developed P. nigromaculatus assay can be used to screen TH signaling disrupting activity of environmental chemicals with high sensitivity.     

低浓度苯系物在新疆干旱区土壤中的吸附行为研究

采集新疆干旱区石化废水库附近区域土壤,以苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯(间、对二甲苯)等典型苯系物为研究对象,系统研究低浓度苯系物在干旱区土壤上的吸附行为,分析土壤有机质含量,溶液p H、溶液含盐量、温度对苯系物吸附的影响。结果显示土壤对低浓度苯系物的吸附16 h达到平衡;吸附等温线经拟合后符合Henry直线型吸附模型;土壤对苯系物的吸附量随着土壤有机质含量的增加而增加,土壤有机质含量与吸附量呈显著正相关(P0.01,R2≥0.919);溶液p H值对吸附过程无明显作用;随着溶液含盐量增大,土壤对苯系物的吸附量表现为先减小,再稳定;温度升高会抑制土壤对苯系物的吸附作用。     

四川三岔湖重金属污染与人类活动的关系

沉积物对湖泊重金属污染具有指示作用,通过分析沉积物的污染特征可以揭示湖泊重金属污染的污染历史和污染源。利用210Pb和137Cs定年和沉积物粒度分析,研究了三岔湖沉积物重金属的不同湖区和不同年代的分布特征及形成原因。人类活动强烈影响了重金属的沉积与富集:Cu、Zn与网箱养殖密切相关,Pb则主要源于邻近岸区的交通运输活动,Cr主要来自农业面源污染。受自身化学特性的影响,重金属的含量与沉积物的粒度分布密切相关,也正因此会出现洪水等的特殊年份重金属污染特征的异变。     

闸控河段水质浓度影响关键因子识别

由于闸门调度对河道内的水环境要素具有强烈的扰动作用,故闸控河段的水质变化过程较常规河道更为复杂。为了探析引起闸控河段水质浓度变化的主要制约因素,以槐店闸为研究对象,结合笔者进行的2次实验和其他时期的监测数据,通过偏相关分析和主成分分析的方法识别影响闸控河段水质浓度变化的关键因子,并利用多元线性回归方法分析得到闸控河段水质浓度变化与其关键因子的多元线性回归方程。经过分析初步得到,与高锰酸盐指数浓度变化率有关的关键因子为闸门开度、开启个数、高锰酸盐指数来水浓度、溶解氧含量、流速和水深;与氨氮浓度变化率有关的关键因子为闸门开度、开启个数、氨氮来水浓度、溶解氧含量和p H值。     

再生水消毒副产物去除技术研究进展

三卤甲烷、卤乙酸、卤乙腈、三氯硝基甲烷以及N-亚硝基二甲胺是再生水氯/氯胺消毒中主要的消毒副产物,具有较强的毒性和致癌性,严重威胁生态安全及人体健康。目前难以通过改变消毒条件来减少其生成量,而去除其前驱物可有效降低消毒副产物的生成。文章介绍了氧化法、混凝沉淀法、离子交换法以及膜过滤等方法去除消毒副产物前驱物的研究,重点分析了臭氧氧化法去除消毒副产物前驱物的影响因素,对已生成的消毒副产物的去除也进行了简述。     

两种方法测定固定污染源废气中铅的对比研究

以石英纤维滤筒采样,采用硝酸-氢氟酸消解体系,建立了火焰原子吸收光谱法和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定固定污染源废气中铅的分析方法。分别对两种方法的波长选择、干扰因素、标准曲线、检出限、准确度和精密度等方面进行了对比研究,并对两种方法的测定结果进行t检验。结果表明,两种方法无显著性差异,均可用于固定污染源废气中铅的含量测定。