生态环保政策对经济发展的作用机理分析

理论上,生态环保政策对经济发展的影响是"促进作用"还是"抑制作用",取决于政策类型和力度、产业和企业行业特征、经济发展水平等条件性因素,从长期综合来看,严格的生态环保政策有利于促进和优化经济发展。本文通过对国内外研究进行梳理总结,从生态环保政策对经济发展的影响途径、传导机制、作用条件依赖等方面进行深层次分析解构,研究建立"生态环保政策—企业—产业—经济影响"为主线的逻辑关系链,分析识别生态环保政策影响经济发展的机理和关键因素,以期解释地方经济发展的现实困惑和关键所在,寻找生态环保政策发力点,优化政策制定与实施方式,探索生态优先、绿色发展为导向的高质量发展新路子。研究表明:生态环保政策主要影响企业的生产经营成本和技术创新,对企业影响的方向和程度主要取决于对政策影响的长短期预期、政策成本与技术创新收益对比、企业规模大小和企业性质等条件因素;生态环保政策与产业的升级、转型、转移、淘汰等密切相关,在产业发展不同阶段,环境规制强度对产业结构调整具有短期和长期不同的影响;生态环保政策标准要求或实际执行力度差异与自然地理区位、经济发展水平、市场化程度、地区开放程度等因素导致的区域环境规制强度差异,是引导污染密集型产业转移和产业空间布局变化的重要因素;生态环保政策通过产业结构调整和空间布局的变化对投资、企业生产、劳动者消费等产生影响从而显著影响就业人数和就业结构,改变技能劳动、非技能劳动的要素配置特征,并对地区和产业带来差异化影响;生态环保政策带来的产业结构调整和转移等变化,对贸易量和贸易结构都会产生重要影响。     

制备方法对铁钛复合氧化物磷吸附性能的影响:共沉淀法与机械物理混合法

为了研究制备方法对金属复合氧化物表面性质与吸附性能的影响,本文分别采用共沉淀法与机械物理混合法制备了铁钛复合氧化物CFe-Ti与MFe-Ti.采用SEM、BET、XRD与FTIR等表征技术,研究了两种铁钛复合氧化物CFe-Ti与MFe-Ti的形貌结构、比表面积、表面羟基浓度等表面特性;通过批式吸附实验,考察了其磷吸附性能.结果表明,与纯的氧化物Fe OOH及TiO_2相比,共沉淀法制备的CFe-Ti纳米颗粒更疏松,孔结构更发达,表面羟基浓度更高,CFe-Ti的最大磷吸附容量达40.6mg·g~(-1),高于纯Fe OOH(27.2 mg·g~(-1))与TiO_2(16.7 mg·g~(-1)),分别为其1.5倍和2.4倍,展示了显著的协同效应.而MFe-Ti的形貌结构和表面性质与Fe OOH及TiO_2相比变化不大,其磷最大吸附容量为22.7 mg·g~(-1),不仅明显低于CFe-Ti,且低于纯Fe OOH,表明未产生协同效应.研究也表明,磷在CFe-Ti与MFe-Ti表面的吸附性质未发生变化,均通过形成内层表面络合物而发生了化学吸附.因此,金属复合氧化物的表面性质和吸附性能与其制备方法密切相关,与机械物理混合法相比,共沉淀法是一种更为简单经济制备高效能铁钛复合氧化物磷吸附剂的方法.     

林可霉素菌渣堆肥微生物群落多样性分析

本试验以林可霉素菌渣-猪粪为原料、污泥-猪粪堆肥作对照,研究了林可霉素菌渣堆肥过程中残留林可霉素的降解情况,并基于Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序分析了林可霉素菌渣堆肥过程中微生物菌群的变化.结果表明:通过堆肥处理可以大幅度降解林可霉素菌渣中残留的林可霉素,经过33 d的堆肥处理后,林可霉素的残留量从最初的1 800 mg·kg-1降到483mg·kg-1,降解率高达73%.同时高通量测序结果表明,由于高含量的林可霉素残留,在堆肥初期和高温期林可霉素菌渣堆肥中细菌群落的分布丰度和多样性指数均低于污泥-猪粪堆肥,但真菌群落丰度和多样性均高于污泥-猪粪堆肥.林可霉素菌渣堆肥中细菌主要以Paucisalibacillus、Cerasibacillus、Bacillus、Virgibacillus、Ureibacillus、Paenibacillus、Sinibacillus属为主,而污泥-猪粪堆肥中主要以Truepera、Actinomadura、Pseudosphingobacterium、Pseudomonas、Luteimonas、Ureibacillus属为主,两者堆肥中微生物群落结构存在显著差异.随着堆肥进入腐熟期,林可霉素残留大幅度降解,抗生素对微生物的胁迫减小或解除,林可霉素菌渣-猪粪堆肥和污泥-猪粪堆肥相比,无论是细菌还是真菌,其微生物群落已逐渐趋同.表明堆肥处理可以大幅降解林可霉素残留,增加微生物多样性,有利于实现林可霉素菌渣无害化处理和资源化利用.     

Performance and fouling mechanism of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) treating fermentation wastewater with high organic concentrations

In this study,direct contact membrane distillation(DCMD)was used for treating fermentation wastewater with high organic concentrations.DCMD performance characteristics including permeate flux,permeate water quality as well as membrane fouling were investigated systematically.Experimental results showed that,after 12 hr DCMD,the feed wastewater was concentrated by about a factor of 3.7 on a volumetric basis,with the permeate flux decreasing from the initial 8.7 L/m~2/hr to the final 4.3 L/m~2/hr due to membrane fouling;the protein concentration in the feed wastewater was increased by about 3.5 times and achieved a value of 6178 mg/L,which is suitable for reutilization.Although COD and TOC in permeate water increased continuously due to the transfer of volatile components from wastewater,organic rejection of over 95%was achieved in wastewater.GC–MS results suggested that the fermentation wastewater contained 128kinds of organics,in which 14 organics dominated.After 12 hr DCMD,not only volatile organics including trimethyl pyrazine,2-acetyl pyrrole,phenethyl alcohol and phenylacetic acid,but also non-volatile dibutyl phthalate was detected in permeate water due to membrane wetting.FT-IR and SEM–EDS results indicated that the deposits formed on the membrane inner surface mainly consisted of Ca,Mg,and amine,carboxylic acid and aromatic groups.The fouled membrane could be recovered,as most of the deposits could be removed using a HCl/Na OH chemical cleaning method.     

Alkali resistance promotion of Ce-doped vanadium-titanic-based NH3-SCR catalysts

The effect of K deactivation on V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 and Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 catalysts in the selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NOxby NH_3 was studied.Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 showed significantly higher resistance to K deactivation than V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2.Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 with K/V = 4(molar ratio) showed 90% NOxconversion at 350°C,whereas in this case V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 showed no activity.The fresh and K-poisoned V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 and Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 catalysts were investigated by means of in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS),NH_3-temperature progress decomposition(NH_3-TPD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and H2-temperature program reduction(H_2-TPR).The effect of Ce doping on the improving resistance to K of V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 were discussed.     

基于脆弱性的地下水污染监测网多目标优化方法

区域地下水监测井的优化布设对于区域地下水系统管理有很重要的作用.为了以最少的监测费用最大化地获取区域污染风险和污染现状信息,以监测井数量最小、区域污染监测有效性最大、监测到的区域脆弱性分值最大为目标,建立了基于脆弱性评价的地下水污染监测网多目标优化模型.通过地下水脆弱性评价和溶质运移模型计算得到不同点位地下水脆弱性分值和污染物浓度,针对不同脆弱性等级提出区域监测井初设密度,采用改进非劣支配遗传算法（NSGA-Ⅱ）基于初设监测网求解该多目标优化模型,结合质量误差分析确定监测网优化方案.结果表明,阿什河漫滩区和樊家沟流域地下水硝酸盐氮污染相对较严重;地下水脆弱性高和较高等级区域分别分布在抽水井群影响范围和河漫滩;结合NSGA-Ⅱ Pareto最优解及质量误差分析结果,得到该区域地下水监测井最优数量（12口）及其最优布设位置.研究显示,该优化监测网与初设监测网插值所得污染羽的质量误差小于15%,满足监测精度要求.      

A comprehensive classification method for VOC emission sources to tackle air pollution based on VOC species reactivity and emission amounts

In China, volatile organic compound(VOC) control directives have been continuously released and implemented for important sources and regions to tackle air pollution. The corresponding control requirements were based on VOC emission amounts(EA), but never considered the significant differentiation of VOC species in terms of atmospheric chemical reactivity. This will adversely influence the effect of VOC reduction on air quality improvement. Therefore,this study attempted to develop a comprehensive classification method for typical VOC sources in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region(BTH), by combining the VOC emission amounts with the chemical reactivities of VOC species. Firstly, we obtained the VOC chemical profiles by measuring 5 key sources in the BTH region and referencing another 10 key sources, and estimated the ozone formation potential(OFP) per ton VOC emission for these sources by using the maximum incremental reactivity(MIR) index as the characteristic of source reactivity(SR). Then, we applied the data normalization method to respectively convert EA and SR to normalized EA(NEA) and normalized SR(NSR) for various sources in the BTH region.Finally, the control index(CI) was calculated, and these sources were further classified into four grades based on the normalized CI(NCI). The study results showed that in the BTH region,furniture coating, automobile coating, and road vehicles are characterized by high NCI and need to be given more attention; however, the petro-chemical industry, which was designated as an important control source by air quality managers, has a lower NCI.     

北极新奥尔松地区土壤及沉积物中可培养细菌多样性及分布特征分析

以2010年中国北极黄河站科学考察从新奥尔松地区采集的2个土壤和8个不同类型的沉积物样品为研究对象,采用分离培养方法及16S rRNA基因序列测定分析可培养细菌的多样性。对从10个站位分离出的343株细菌进行菌落特征分析,选取47株代表性细菌进行16S rRNA基因的分子鉴定并构建系统发育树,结果表明47株细菌归属于4个门,6个纲,18个属和29个种。在属水平上,芽孢杆菌纲细菌的多样性最为丰富,共6个属;在菌株数量上,γ-变形菌纲属于优势类群,共27株,分属于13个种。北极新奥尔松地区可培养细菌在海洋沉积物、湖泊沉积物、河流沉积物及土壤中的种属构成存在差异,其中海洋沉积物中细菌多样性最为丰富,而湖泊沉积物中细菌多样性次之。     

油菜硒的富集特征及其与土壤硒的关系

为系统研究油菜对硒的富集特征及其与土壤硒形态间的关系,采用人工添加外源硒(0、0.5、5.0 mg·kg~(-1)土壤)的方式,构建了土壤含不同浓度硒的大田实验系统.测定了成熟期油菜不同部位硒总量、籽粒中有机小分子硒化合物及根际土壤中各形态硒的含量.明确了硒在油菜体内的富集特征;分析了籽粒中硒含量同其他组织部位及土壤硒含量间的关系;深入解析了土壤各形态硒对油菜硒的贡献.结果表明,随土壤硒浓度的增加,由根部向地上部转移的硒的比例增大;土壤高浓度(5.0 mg·kg~(-1))硒处理下,更大比例的硒富集于角果壳和籽粒中;硒代蛋氨酸、硒代半胱氨酸是籽粒中主要形态的有机小分子硒化合物;各浓度硒处理土壤中,均以铁锰氧化物结合态为主,占土壤总硒的87.24%~97.40%;籽粒硒含量与其他组织部位硒及土壤硒含量呈显著相关;茎干中硒与根系中硒含量呈正相关,而茎干中硒又是角果壳硒的主要贡献因子,茎干和角果壳硒对籽粒硒具有同等贡献.研究结果明确了油菜对硒的富集特征及其与土壤硒形态间的关系,有助于通过土壤中硒形态和植物营养器官中硒含量来评估籽粒中硒含量.