Effects of residual organics in municipal wastewater on hydrogenotrophic denitrifying microbial communities

Hydrogenotrophic denitrification is promising for tertiary nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater. To reveal the influence of residual organics in municipal wastewater on hydrogenotrophic denitrifiers, we adopted high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to examine microbial communities in hydrogenotrophic denitrification enrichments. Using effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant as water source, COD, nitrate and pH were controlled the same except for a gradient of biodegradable carbon (i.e., primary effluent (PE), secondary effluent (SE), or combined primary and secondary effluent (CE)). Inorganic synthetic water (IW) was used as a control. Hydrogenophaga, a major facultative autotroph, accounted for 17.1%, 5.3%, 32.7% and 12.9% of the sequences in PE, CE, SE and IW, respectively, implicating that Hydrogenophaga grew well with or without organics. Thauera, which contains likely obligate autotrophic denitrifiers, appeared to be the most dominant genera (23.6%) in IW and accounted for 2.5%, 4.6% and 8.9% in PE, CE and SE, respectively. Thermomonas, which is related to heterotrophic denitrification, accounted for 4.2% and 7.9% in PE and CE fed with a higher content of labile organics, respectively. In contrast, Thermomonas was not detected in IW and accounted for only 0.6% in SE. Our results suggest that Thermomonas are more competitive than Thauera in hydrogenotrophic denitrification with biodegradable organics. Moreover, facultative autotrophic denitrifiers, Hydrogenophaga, are accommodating to residual organic in effluent wastewater, thus we propose that hydrogenotrophic denitrification is amenable for tertiary nitrogen removal.     

控制单元核定及水环境容量核算研究——以江苏省太湖流域为例

文章以江苏省太湖流域为例,围绕核定区域水环境容量、推动许可证与容量总量有效衔接等问题,建立了面向排污许可证实施的控制单元核定及水环境容量核算方法。将江苏省太湖流域划分为70个控制单元,计算得出控制单元内部单位污染负荷对控制断面最不利水质影响比在65%～88%之间。经核算得到各控制单元的水环境容量,太湖流域2011年COD和NH3-N的入河量削减率与水质超标率相差基本在20%以内。     

典型能源开发区灰尘金属元素的空间分布特征、来源与健康风险

以陕蒙接壤处典型煤炭开采与加工区的地表灰尘和煤矸石作为研究对象,按照随机布点取样的原则共采集研究区域灰尘样品93个,含煤矸石样品10个.采用GIS空间分析、污染生态负荷指数、人群健康风险评价等方法,对该地区灰尘中的As、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Ni、Pb、V、Zn 10种金属元素含量、空间分布、环境污染及其儿童与成人的健康风险进行研究与评估,并借助富集系数和XRD分析对灰尘中金属元素的累积与来源进行了探析.研究结果表明研究区域地表灰尘中Co、Hg、Pb、V的平均浓度值均超过了陕西省土壤背景值,其中Hg与Co污染较重.中小型煤矿和运煤路线区域的金属元素含量在空间分布上具有较大值.煤炭开采区灰尘和煤矸石中金属元素As、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、V、Zn、Co、Hg和Pb浓度分布特征和富集系数分布较为相似,通过富集系数与XRD分析表明灰尘中的这些元素更倾向于来自煤矸石的碎屑粉末,特别是中小煤矿的开采、运输和煤矸石堆放等要引起相关部门的高度重视.虽然该地区的总体污染水平暂时处于无污染状态,但小型煤矿和运煤路段附近的污染负荷明显偏高.从总体上看,灰尘中金属元素对该地区成人和小孩不存在非致癌风险,致癌风险也是在可接受的范围内,但小型煤矿聚集区与包府公路路段存在儿童不可耐受的健康风险.相比之下,金属元素对儿童的风险均大于成人(除Co外),而Cr非致癌风险的贡献较大,As、Cr、Ni均存在一定程度致癌风险(致癌总风险指数TCR值相对其它元素较大),尤其是元素Ni与Cr,应该引起足够重视.     

基于稳定碳同位素的济南市二元羧酸类SOA的污染特征与形成机制

为研究济南市冬季PM_2.5中二元羧酸类二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的来源、液相形成机制及影响因素,于2016年1-2月昼夜共采集46个PM_2.5样品,并对二元羧酸类SOA （包括二元羧酸、酮羧酸与α-二羰基化合物）与左旋葡聚糖的昼夜变化特征进行分析.研究结果表明,二元羧酸、α-二羰基化合物与左旋葡聚糖均呈昼低夜高的变化特征,而酮羧酸的昼夜变化特征与之相反.二元羧酸类SOA的分子组成特征以草酸（C₂）的浓度最高,其次是丁二酸（C₄）和丙二酸（C₃）,与受生物质燃烧较显著的二元羧酸类SOA的分子组成是相同的.C₂/总二元羧酸的浓度（TDACs）、甲基乙二醛（mGly）/乙二醛（Gly）、C₂/SO₄^2-比值的昼夜变化特征与稳定碳同位素（δ¹³C）的组成特征均表明济南市冬季夜晚气溶胶的氧化程度比白天深.C₂及其前体物（Gly、mGly）与SO₄^2-、相对湿度（RH）、液相水含量（LWC）与气溶胶的实际酸度（pH_is）的相关性均较强,表明C₂及其前体物是在液相中经酸催化氧化反应产生的.夜晚二元羧酸类化合物的δ¹³C值高于白天,且随着含碳量的升高二元羧酸的δ¹³C值随之降低.C₂的δ¹³C值随气溶胶的老化而偏正,这是由于同位素动力学效应（KIEs）导致的.     

创新环评实践,构建河北省环境影响评价四大体系

以科学发展为主题,围绕加快发展、加速转型两大任务,本文就如何发挥环评＂控制闸＂、＂调节阀＂、＂助推器＂三大作用,有针对性地提出了建设环评管理、环评审核、环评监管及环评技术支撑四大体系的建议。     

排污权交易基准价定价机制探讨

构建科学合理的基准价定价机制是推动排污权交易的基础性工作,本文以政策、管理、技术三个方面作为立足点,探讨了基准价定价机制,构建了工作框架。研究认为现阶段基准价定价采取成本定价法是合适的,并对基准价定价技术难点进行了剖析,提出了建议。     

纳米零价铁物相转变对砷污染土壤稳定化效果和潜在毒性的影响

为探究纳米零价铁团聚作用和氧化反应等物相转变对土壤中砷的稳定化效果和潜在毒性影响机制,选择纳米零价铁以及其可能的物相转变产物,包括微米零价铁、纳米级Fe₂O₃、微米级Fe₂O₃、纳米级Fe₃O₄等,通过室内模拟实验,研究纳米零价铁物相转变对砷污染土壤稳定化效果和潜在毒性的影响。结果表明:1)相比而言,纳米Fe0对土壤中砷的稳定化效率最优,当其添加量为5%时,水溶性砷含量由稳定化处理前的2.20 mg/kg降至0.11 mg/kg,稳定化效率为94.90%,同时,砷的环境风险由处理前的中等风险降至无风险;2)由浸出实验结果可知,团聚作用引起纳米零价铁向微米零价铁转变时,其对砷稳定化效率的影响并不显著(P>0.05);3)由植物毒性实验可知,纳米零价铁的团聚和氧化作用产物均会抑制油菜籽根系生长,影响种子相对根长,而对种子发芽率和种子发芽率指数无抑制作用;4)基于形态分析、植物毒性和风险分析可知,微米级Fe₂O₃和纳米级Fe₃O₄对土壤中砷的稳定化效率较低,稳定化处理后仍有一定环境风险。因此,在实际修复过程中,纳米零价铁物相转变引起土壤中砷的环境风险变化值得关注。     

基于PSR模型的长潭水库生态安全评价研究

结合长潭水库生态环境现状和生态安全评价研究成果,着眼长潭水库生态系统特征,将水库生态健康、人类活动压力及水库生态响应等3大类指标纳入生态安全研究框架,运用Pressure-State-Response （PSR）模型,建立包含3个层次18个指标的水库生态安全评价指标体系,采用熵权法确定各指标权重,对长潭水库生态安全状况进行评估.结果表明,2008年-2011年间,长潭水库生态安全状况呈好转趋势.讨论了长潭水库目前生态安全保护中存在的主要环境问题并提出相关建议.     

Effects of culture conditions on ligninolytic enzymes and protease production by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in air

The production of ligninolytic enzymes and protease by Phanerochaete chrysosporium was investigated under different culture conditions. Different amounts of medium were employed in free and immobilized culture, together with two kinds of medium with different C/N ratios. Little lignin peroxidase （LIP） （〈 2 U/L） was detected in free culture with nitrogen-limited medium （C/N ratio： 56/2.2, in mmol/L）, while manganese peroxidase （MnP） maximum activity was 231 and 240 U/L in 50 and 100 ml medium culture, respectively. Immobilized culture with 50 ml nitrogen-limited medium gave the highest MnP and LiP production with the maximum values of 410 and 721 U/L separately on the day 5; however, flasks containing 100 ml nitrogen-limited medium only produced less MnP with a peak value of 290 U/L. Comparatively, carbon-limited medium （C/N ratio： 28/44, in mmol/L） was adopted in culture but produced little MnP and LiE Medium type had the greatest impact on protease production. Large amount of protease was produced due to glucose limitation. Culture type and medium volume influence protease activity corporately by affecting oxygen supply. The results implied shallow immobilized culture was a possible way to gain high production of ligninolytic enzymes.