Capital assets framework for analysing household vulnerability during disaster

This paper examines the vulnerability of households to disasters, using an asset vulnerability framework to represent livelihoods. Such frameworks are widely employed to analyse household poverty and focus on living conditions and well-being rather than money-metric measures of consumption and income. The conceptualisation of household vulnerability is a challenge in current studies on coping with disasters. The paper considers whether a capital assets framework is useful in identifying and assessing household vulnerability in the context of the Wenchuan earthquake in China in 2008. The framework has five categories of assets (financial, human, natural, physical, and social capital) and attempts to measure the resilience and vulnerability of households. When applied to a major disaster, asset-based methods face the problem of heterogeneity of the population, such as with regard to livelihood type or residence. Moreover, the effect of external interventions, such as the provision of relief assistance, must be taken into account.     

中外职业教育中的创业教育研究

高职院校在创业教育中存在着创业教育模式、教育方法、创业教育实践缺乏具体指导等问题。在分析国外创业教育的模式及运作基础上,提出了建立教学模式的完整理论基础、建立正式的学校课程体系和高水平的师资队伍、搭建创业实战平台等对策,积极寻找符合高职院校创业教育的路径和方法。     

Impact of phosphate additive on organic carbon component degradation during pig manure composting

Phosphate, as an additive to composting, could significantly reduce ammonia emission and nitrogen loss but may also cause adverse effects on the degradation of organic matter. However, there is little information about the influence of pH change, salt content, and phosphate on different organic fraction degradation during composting with the addition of phosphate at a higher level. In this study, the equimolar phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), and dipotassium phosphate (K₂HPO₄) were added into pig manure composting with 0.25 mol mass per kilogram of dry matter basis addition amount to evaluate the effect of H⁺, PO₄^3?, and salinity on carbon component transformation and organic matter degradation. The results showed that both H₃PO₄ and K₂HPO₄ additives could lead to shorter duration in the thermophilic phase, lower degradation of lignocellulose, and lesser carbon loss compared to CK, even though had different pH, i.e., acidic and alkaline conditions, respectively. Besides, the addition of H₃PO₄, H₂SO₄, and K₂HPO₄ could increase the degradation of soluble protein and lipid during composting. Redundancy analysis demonstrated that the variation in different organic carbon fractions was significantly correlated with the changes of pH and the presence of PO₄^3?, but not with SO₄^2? and electrical conductivity, suggesting that pH and phosphate were the more predominant factors than salinity for the inhibition of organic matter degradation. Taken together, as acidic phosphate addition produces a true advantage of controlling nitrogen loss and lower inhibition of organics transformation during composting, the expected effects may result in more efficient composting products.

     

渗滤液的反渗透浓缩液回灌技术应用

以宜昌、宁国、蒙城垃圾填埋场为例,介绍了碟管式反渗透(DTRO)——浓缩液回灌工艺,研究发现:浓缩液回灌方式应根据垃圾填埋场的地理特征和业主的具体要求来确定。山谷型填埋场可以采用石笼回灌法,施工简单,成本较低,另外也可采用两层生物滤化床方式,成本稍高,但效果较好;平原型填埋场宜采用两层生物滤化床方式,而采用石笼回灌法容易出现短流现象。浓缩液回灌对渗滤液电导率无明显影响,不会影响后续反渗透系统的正常运行。     

美国大气环境多污染物协同控制的经验与启示

文章通过分析美国在多污染物协同控制方面的相关政策及技术经验,研究了美国多污染控制的法律法规、基础数据和技术要素积累、监管策略和区域协作及案例应用。结合我国当前多污染物协同控制的现状和存在的问题,提出了对中国协同控制的建议,不仅需要加强统筹规划,而且需要从理念、数据积累、技术整合到示范多方面进行加强。     

氨基酸对中华绒螯蟹N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶活力的影响

研究了12种氨基酸对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶活力的影响.结果表明,在特定浓度范围内,甘氨酸(L-Gly)、缬氨酸(L-Val)、丙氨酸(L-Ala)、苯丙氨酸(L-Phe)、苏氨酸(L-Thr)和丝氨酸(L-Ser)对酶活力没有显著影响,而蛋氨酸(L-Met)、天冬酰胺(L-Gln)、脯氨酸(L-Pro)、精氨酸(L-Arg)、组氨酸(L-His)和赖氨酸(L-Lys)对酶活力有不同程度的抑制作用.L-Pro、L-Arg和L-Lys使酶活力下降50%时抑制剂浓度(IC50)分别为450、20、85 mmolL-1.L-Pro对酶的抑制表现为可逆非竞争性类型,对酶的抑制常数K1为702.87 mmol L-1.L-Arg、L-His和L-Lys对酶的抑制均表现为可逆反竞争性类型,对酶的抑制常数K1S分别为2.19、85.81、10.23 mmol L-1.图9参10     

灾害损失基本内涵探讨

各种灾害对我国的经济社会和环境带来巨大的损失.本文主要从市场影响和非市场影响及存量损失和流量损失两个方面,从经济学角度对灾害损失的内涵进行深入探讨.在论述灾害损失原则的基础上,论述在灾害损失评估中应该注意市场价格和影子价格选取以及重复计算的问题.     

阿什河流域农业非点源污染负荷及现状评价

阿什河流域农业非点源污染物等标污染负荷总量为5 572.96×106m3/a。不同污染源污染贡献比例:农田化肥占49.24%、畜禽养殖占35.10%、农村生活占14.69%、农作物秸秆仅占14.69%0.97%。污染物贡献量比例:TN占56.46%、TP占39.06%、COD仅占4.48%。对农业非点源污染的等标污染负荷量进行聚类分析,结果表明:阿什河流域按区域污染贡献大小可分为四类区域。     

中线式尾矿库洪水漫顶溃坝演化规律模拟研究

为了解中线式尾矿库洪水漫顶溃坝的过程和机理,并提出可行的工程措施,以某中线式尾矿库及下游周边环境为研究对象,采用物理模型试验和数值模拟法对中线式与上游式尾矿库安全性进行对比研究。研究结果表明:由于中线式尾矿库外坝坡堆积粗尾砂的渗透系数偏大,其较上游式尾矿库溃口发展的速率更快,溃坝过程持续时间约14.5 h,坝顶被泄流冲刷形成的溃口宽约289 m,尾矿库下游沟道研究范围内尾矿淤积约871万m3,大量的尾矿仍滞留在库内;采用数值模拟得出的演化趋势与物理模型试验基本一致,但数值模拟计算的尾砂流动速度较快;在拦砂坝下游修建应急拦砂坝工程,物理模型试验表明拦滞尾矿洪水时间约38 min,数值模拟结果表明拦滞尾矿洪水时间约16 min,因此应急拦砂坝措施可有效延长应急逃生时间,减轻溃坝对下游居民的影响。