清洁生产与企业结构调整

清洁生产是工业生产追求的最高境界,而结构调整阶段给企业提供了一个很好的实施清洁生产的契机,使企业可以借助结构调整机会,将清洁生产渗透至企业的所有方面,最大限度地取得清洁生产的效果。     

沈阳市苏家屯区危险废物管理、处置现状与对策

对沈阳市苏家屯区危险废物现状进行了调查,分析了危险废物的来源、产生量、特征及存在的主要问题。在此基础上,提出对危险废物管理处置对策,包括开展危险废物申报登记;加强苏家屯区危险废物监督管理;源头控制危险废物污染产生和建设危险废物集中处置场等。     

关于室内装修有害气体烘焙排风稀释技术数值研究

依据实测数据,应用数值计算手法,对烘焙排风稀释技术不同工况下总挥发性有机化合物的排除量、烘焙排风稀释阶段室内空气中总挥发性有机化合物的浓度变化进行计算并讨论烘焙温度、换气次数对去除效果的影响。     

Persistence of fermentative process to phenolic toxicity in groundwater

The fermentation process is an important component in the biodegradation of organic compounds in natural and contaminated systems. Comparing with terminal electron-accepting processes (TEAPs), however, research on fermentation processes has to some extent been ignored in the past decades, particularly on the persistence of fermentation process in the presence of toxic organic pollutants. Both field and laboratory studies, presented here, showed that microbial processes in a groundwater-based system exhibited a differential inhibitory response to toxicity of phenolic compounds from coal tar distillation, thus resulting in the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and hydrogen. This indicated that fermentation processes could be more resistant to phenol toxicity than the subsequent TEAPs such as methanogenesis and sulfate reduction, thus providing us with more options for enhancing bioremediation processes.     

Evaluation of the ADAPT model for simulating nitrogen dynamics in a tile-drained agricultural watershed in central Illinois

Assessing the accuracy of agronomic and water quality simulation models in different soils, land-use systems, and environments provides a basis for using and improving these models. We evaluated the performance of the ADAPT model for simulating riverine nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) export from a 1500-km2 watershed in central Illinois, where approximately 85% of the land is used for maize-soybean production and tile drainage is common. Soil chemical properties, crop nitrogen (N) uptake coefficient, dry matter ratio, and a denitrification reduction coefficient were used as calibration parameters to optimize the fit between measured and simulated NO3-N load from the watershed for the 1989 to 1993 period. The applicability of the calibrated parameter values was tested by using these values for simulating the 1994 to 1997 period on the same watershed. Willmott's index of agreement ranged from 0.91 to 0.97 for daily, weekly, monthly, and annual comparisons of riverine nitrate N loads. Simulation accuracy generally decreased as the time interval decreased. Willmott's index for simulated crop yields ranged from 0.91 to 0.99; however, observed crop yields were used as input to the model. The partial N budget results suggested that 52 to 72 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) accumulated in the soil, but simulated biological N fixation associated with soybeans was considerably greater than literature values for the region. Improvement of the N fixation algorithms and incorporation of mechanisms that describe soybean yield in response to environmental conditions appear to be needed to improve the performance of the model.     

Nitrogen- vs. phosphorus-based dairy manure applications to field crops: nitrate and phosphorus leaching and soil phosphorus accumulation

Management of animal manures to provide nutrients for crop growth has generally been based on crop N needs. However, because manures have a lower N/P ratio than most harvested crops, N-based manure management often oversupplies the crop-soil system with P, which can be lost into the environment and contribute to eutrophication of water bodies. We examined the effects of N- vs. P-based manure applications on N and P uptake by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), corn (Zea mays L.) for silage, and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), leaching below the root zone, and accumulation of P in soil. Treatments included N- and P-based manure rates, with no nutrient input controls and inorganically fertilized plots for comparison. Nitrate concentrations in leachate from inorganic fertilizer or manure treatments averaged 14 mg NO(3)-N L(-1), and did not differ by nutrient treatment. Average annual total P losses in leachate did not exceed 1 kg ha(-1). In the top 5 cm of soil in plots receiving the N-based manure treatment, soil test P increased by 47%, from 85 to 125 mg kg(-1). Nitrogen- and P-based manure applications did not differ in ability to supply nutrients for crop growth, or in losses of nitrate and total P in leachate. However, the N-based manure led to significantly greater accumulation of soil test P in the surface 5 cm of soil. Surface soil P accumulation has implications for increased risk of off-field P movement.     

Recycling of an industrial sludge and marine clay as light-weight aggregates

The geographical limitations of Singapore, its restricted natural resources and voluminous municipal and industrial waste streams, make environmental management a major challenge for the island state. In an attempt to find ways to reduce importation of raw materials and the waste sent to landfill, light weight aggregates were produced from marine clay and a CaF(2)-rich semiconductor industry sludge. Aggregates were produced in a bench-scale rotary kiln with three clay/sludge loadings (90/10, 70/30 and 50/50%). All three mixtures showed good bloating behavior during firing and the ceramic pellets (1-1.5cm diameter) had densities well below that required for light-weight aggregates. In the initial tests, the pore sizes of the aggregates were in general too large resulting in high water absorption. Comparisons between the composition of the two waste products and the aggregates showed a significant loss of fluorine (40-60%) during processing; a problem which may require flue gas treatment. Leach testing showed that the formed aggregates would not pose a human or environmental hazard in terms of fluorine mobilization.     

浙江经验:"三生统筹"理念下的农村环境综合整治

浙江是我国农村现代化进展较快的省,也是农村环境问题较为突出的省.浙江省按照"三生统筹"理念,政府和市场各尽所能,重点推进了乡镇企业污染集中治理,实施了以农村聚居点环境综合整治为主题的"万村整治,千村示范"工程以及生态农业促进计划,在解决农村三类环境污染问题上积累了若干经验:对于乡镇企业以及集约化畜禽养殖场的污染问题,通过产业布局调整和进园、市场化、集中治理机制解决;对于农村聚居点的环境污染问题,采取资源、能源、环境问题统筹,政府投资和民营资金介入统筹的办法解决;对于农业面源污染问题,通过提高化肥、农药利用率及推行绿色食品管理体系等前置手段解决.在我国农村现代化进程迅速的今天,"浙江经验"对其他省市的借鉴意义明显.     

开创人口资源环境工作新局面

变人口大市为人力资源优势大市 人口问题实际上是一把"双刃剑",人口多是压力、是挑战,但如果开发利用得好,也可能转化为人力资源优势.对此,要结合实际,全面准确地加以把握.第一,准确把握中央强调人均GDP的战略意图,以人均水平论实力、看发展.中央在确定"十一五"的奋斗目标时,特别突出了人均GDP这个指标,体现了中央对经济社会发展中人口因素的高度重视,体现了中央把人的全面发展纳入经济社会发展全局来进行统筹考虑,推动经济社会发展切实转入科学发展轨道的战略意图.     

铝业赤泥免烧砖中试生产及产业化

利用铝厂赤泥、自备电厂粉煤灰、矿山石渣为主要原料在国内第一条赤泥砖生产线上进行了中试生产,采用了自然养护和蒸压养护两种生产工艺。自然养护的赤泥免烧砖达到了非烧结普通粘土砖标准(JCT4221991)(1996)中15级要求,蒸压养护的赤泥免烧砖达到了蒸压灰砂国家标准(GB119451999)中优等品MU15级的要求。通过成本核算,自然养护的赤泥免烧砖的生产成本能够控制在0.11元块以下,蒸压养护的赤泥免烧砖的生产成本能够控制在0.14元块以下,具有较好的经济性。