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961.
Cheng-fang Li Zhi-kui Kou Jin-hua Yang Ming-li Cai Jin-ping Wang Cou-gui Cao 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(23):2696-2704
Agricultural practices affect the production and emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) from paddy soils. It is crucial to understand the effects of tillage and N fertilization on soil CO2 flux and its influencing factors for a better comprehension of carbon dynamics in subtropical paddy ecosystems. A 2-yr field study was conducted to assess the effects of tillage (conventional tillage [CT] and no-tillage [NT]) and N fertilization (0 and 210 kg N ha?1) on soil CO2 fluxes during the 2008 and 2009 rice growing seasons in central China. Treatments were established following a split-plot design of a randomized complete block with tillage practices as the main plot and N fertilizer level as the split-plot treatment. The soil CO2 fluxes were measured 24 times in 2008 and 17 times in 2009. N fertilization did not affect soil CO2 emissions while tillage affected soil CO2 emissions, where NT had similar soil CO2 emissions to CT in 2008, but in 2009, NT significantly increased soil CO2 emissions. Cumulative CO2 emissions were 2079–2245 kg CO2–C ha?1 from NT treatments, and 2084–2141 kg CO2–C ha?1 from CT treatments in 2008, and were 1257–1401 kg CO2–C ha?1 from NT treatments, and 1003–1034 kg CO2–C ha?1 from CT treatments in 2009, respectively. Cumulative CO2 emissions were significantly related to aboveground biomass and soil organic C. Before drainage of paddy fields, soil CO2 fluxes were significantly related to soil temperature with correlation coefficients (R) of 0.67–0.87 in 2008 and 0.69–0.85 in 2009; moreover, the Q10 values ranged from 1.28 to 1.55 and from 2.10 to 5.21 in 2009, respectively. Our results suggested that NT rice production system appeared to be ineffective in decreasing carbon emission, which suggested that CO2 emissions from integrated rice-based system should be taken into account to assess effects of tillage. 相似文献
962.
Zhisheng Zhang Guenter Engling Chuan-Yao Lin Charles C.-K. Chou Shih-Chun C. Lung Shih-Yu Chang Shaojia Fan Chuen-Yu Chan Yuan-Hang Zhang 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(26):3187-3195
Intensive measurements of aerosol (PM10) and associated water-soluble ionic and carbonaceous species were conducted in Guangzhou, a mega city of China, during summer 2006. Elevated levels of most chemical species were observed especially at nighttime during two episodes, characterized by dramatic build-up of the biomass burning tracers levoglucosan and non-sea-salt potassium, when the prevailing wind direction had changed due to two approaching tropical cyclones. High-resolution air mass back trajectories based on the MM5 model revealed that air masses with high concentrations of levoglucosan (43–473 ng m?3) and non-sea-salt potassium (0.83–3.2 μg m?3) had passed over rural regions of the Pearl River Delta and Guangdong Province, where agricultural activities and field burning of crop residues are common practices. The relative contributions of biomass burning smoke to organic carbon in PM10 were estimated from levoglucosan data to be on average 7.0 and 14% at daytime and nighttime, respectively, with maxima of 9.7 and 32% during the episodic transport events, indicating that biomass and biofuel burning activities in the rural parts of the Pearl River Delta and neighboring regions could have a significant impact on ambient urban aerosol levels. 相似文献
963.
Yang Zhang X.-Y. Wen C.J. Jang 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(29):3568-3582
The chemistry–aerosol–cloud–radiation–climate feedbacks are simulated using WRF/Chem over the continental U.S. in January and July 2001. Aerosols can reduce incoming solar radiation by up to ?9% in January and ?16% in July and 2-m temperatures by up to 0.16 °C in January and 0.37 °C in July over most of the continental U.S. The NO2 photolysis rates decrease in July by up to ?8% over the central and eastern U.S. where aerosol concentrations are high but increase by up to 7% over the western U.S. in July and up to 13% over the entire domain in January. Planetary boundary layer (PBL) height reduces by up to ?23% in January and ?24% in July. Temperatures and wind speeds in July in big cities such as Atlanta and New York City reduce at/near surface but increase at higher altitudes. The changes in PBL height, temperatures, and wind speed indicate a more stable atmospheric stability of the PBL and further exacerbate air pollution over areas where air pollution is already severe. Aerosols can increase cloud optical depths in big cities in July, and can lead to 500–5000 cm?3 cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) at a supersaturation of 1% over most land areas and 10–500 cm?3 CCN over ocean in both months with higher values over most areas in July than in January, particularly in the eastern U.S. The total column cloud droplet number concentrations are up to 4.9 × 106 cm?2 in January and up to 11.8 × 106 cm?2 in July, with higher values over regions with high CCN concentrations and sufficient cloud coverage. Aerosols can reduce daily precipitation by up to 1.1 mm day?1 in January and 19.4 mm day?1 in July thus the wet removal rates over most of the land areas due to the formation of small CCNs, but they can increase precipitation over regions with the formation of large/giant CCN. These results indicate potential importance of the aerosol feedbacks and an urgent need for their accurate representations in current atmospheric models to reduce uncertainties associated with climate change predictions. 相似文献
964.
Guofeng Shen Wei Wang Yifeng Yang Chen Zhu Yujia Min Miao Xue Junnan Ding Wei Li Bin Wang Huizhong Shen Rong Wang Xilong Wang Shu Tao 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(39):5237-5243
Coal consumption is one important contributor to energy production, and is regarded as one of the most important sources of air pollutants that have considerable impacts on human health and climate change. Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from coal combustion were studied in a typical stove. Emission factors (EFs) of 16 EPA priority PAHs from tested coals ranged from 6.25 ± 1.16 mg kg?1 (anthracite) to 253 ± 170 mg kg?1 (bituminous), with NAP and PHE dominated in gaseous and particulate phases, respectively. Size distributions of particulate phase PAHs from tested coals showed that they were mostly associated with particulate matter (PM) with size either between 0.7 and 2.1 μm or less than 0.4 μm (PM0.4). In the latter category, not only were more PAHs present in PM0.4, but also contained higher fractions of high molecular weight PAHs. Generally, there were more than 89% of total particulate phase PAHs associated with PM2.5. Gas-particle partitioning of freshly emitted PAHs from residential coal combustions were thought to be mainly controlled by absorption rather than adsorption, which is similar to those from other sources. Besides, the influence of fuel properties and combustion conditions was further investigated by using stepwise regression analysis, which indicated that almost 57 ± 10% of total variations in PAH EFs can be accounted for by moisture and volatile matter content of coal in residential combustion. 相似文献
965.
966.
967.
填埋场不同深度垃圾土压缩性的室内试验研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
阐述了垃圾土的压缩机理,归纳了国内外垃圾土压缩性指标的研究成果。根据某填埋场3个不同深度的垃圾土试样,在改装后的高压固结仪上进行压缩试验,得到垃圾土的压缩系数a、主压缩指数C、修正主压缩指数C'、压缩模量E以及体积压缩系数m,并对试验结果进行分析。试验结果表明,垃圾土的初始孔隙比随填埋深度的增加而减小,垃圾土的压缩指数随其可降解度和有机质含量的减少而降低,垃圾土具有高压缩性,其压缩性指标与垃圾的组成和填埋深度有关。将得到的压缩性指标与国内外的资料进行了比较,可为填埋场的设计及变形计算提供参考。 相似文献
968.
969.
生物法-人工湿地组合工艺处理小城镇混合污水研究 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6
为适应小城镇污水处理高效、低耗、管理简单的要求,开展了生物法(水解酸化/生物接触氧化)-人工湿地组合工艺(A/BCO-CW)处理小城镇片区混合污水的研究。结果表明,A/BCO系统在停留时间为3~6 h条件下,对悬浮物和有机物有高的去除效率,COD、BOD5和TSS去除率分别达到63.1%、67.7%和66.2%,避免了人工湿地堵塞和提高处理效率,减少了所需湿地面积44%。全年运行结果表明,在0.30~0.59 m/d水力负荷率下,垂直流-表面流-水平潜流人工湿地组合系统对COD、BOD5和TSS平均去除负荷达9.4、5.1和7.2 g/(m2.d)(42%、71.2%和85.2%);COD、BOD5去除速率常数为74.6±12.1 m/y、166±30.5 m/y,这些数值均处于文献中k值范围的高量程内。A/BCO-人工湿地系统对COD、BOD5和TSS具有好的处理效果,出水水质能够稳定达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)的IV类水标准,2种处理方法有效组合起来,所开发的低成本、高效率、可持续运行的城镇废水处理组合系统,将会在实际应用尤其是高有机负荷污水处理中发挥良好效用。 相似文献
970.
石膏浆液旋流器的分离性能实验研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
通过理论分析及工程经验对石灰石/石膏法烟气脱硫工艺中石膏浆液脱水系统的旋流器进行优化设计,在与工业实际相近的操作条件下,优选出了一根综合性能较好的旋流器。考察了该旋流器的压力、流量与分离效率之间相互关系,与常规石膏浆液旋流器的分级效率进行了比较,确定了最佳操作条件。结果表明,旋流器的进口流量随着进出口压力差的增大而增大,分离效率随着流量增加先上升后下降。在进口硫石膏颗粒平均粒径为24μm,流量为11.8~14.8 m3/h时,分离效率在85%以上,底流出口10μm、15μm以下的颗粒分别占底流出口颗粒总体积的1%、10%左右,起到了很明显的分级浓缩作用,分离性能也优于常规使用的石膏浆液旋流器。 相似文献