Uncovering the evolution of tin use in the United States and its implications

• US tin use decreases as the GDP value added by manufacturing sector increases. • Global and China’s tin use increases as the GDP added by manufacturing increases. • A sigmoid curve can fit the US tin use data well. • US tin use patterns is not due to the finite tin reserves or resources. • Policies, substitutions, etc. play key roles in the changing tin use patterns. Tin is of key importance to daily life and national security; it is considered an essential industrial metal. The United States (US) is the world’s largest economy and consumer of natural resources. Therefore, the analysis of historical tin use in the US is helpful for understanding future tin use trends in the world as a whole and in developing countries. Time series analysis, regression analysis with GDP or GDP/capita, and historical data fitted with logistic and Gompertz models are employed in this study. Historical tin use in the US shows three stages—increase-constant-decrease, as GDP per capita has increased. Tin use in the US is negatively correlated with the GDP value added by the manufacturing sector, while the use of tin worldwide and in China continues to increase along with the GDP value added by the manufacturing sector. Although a sigmoid curve can fit the US tin use data well, that use is not directly related to the limited tin reserves or resources. Rather, policies, economic restructuring, substitutions, new end-use markets, etc. have played key roles in the changing tin use patterns. This work contributes to understanding future tin use at both the global and national levels: tin use will continue to increase with GDP at the global level, but use patterns of tin at the national level can be changed through human intervention.     

沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯农药定量分析的质量保证和质量控制

以美国ＥＰＡ为方法为基础,进行了沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯农药分析的质量保证和质量控制实验,采用回收率指示物控制回收率,用内标法定量。结果表明多环芳烃的指示物回收率为５０．６７－９７．３３％,目标化合物的回收率为５８．６７－９６．３３％,方法检测限为３．３０－９．２６μｇ．ｋｇ＾－１。     

废水除磷技术的研究与发展

目前 ,人们越来越重视污水除磷技术。本文介绍与评述了化学和生物两种除磷方式及其除磷机理和工艺 ,并着重介绍了生物除磷的现状、发展和研究动向     

Biodegradation of phthalate esters by two bacteria strains

In this study two aerobic phthalic acid ester (PAE) degrading bacteria strains, DK4 and O18, were isolated from river sediment and petrochemical sludge, respectively. The two strains were found to rapidly degrade PAE with shorter alkyl-chains such diethyl phthalate (DEP), dipropyl phthalate (DPrP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP) and diphenyl phthalate (DPP) are very easily biodegraded, while PAE with longer alkyl-chains such as dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCP) and dihexyl phthalate (DHP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are poorly degraded. The degradation rates of the eight PAEs were higher for strain DK4 than for strain O18. In the simultaneous presence of strains DK4 and O18, the degradation rates of the eight PAEs examined were enhanced. When the eight PAEs were present simultaneously, degradation rates were also enhanced. We also found that PAE degradation was delayed by the addition of nonylphenol or selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at a concentration of 1 microg/g in the sediment. The bacteria strains isolated, DK4 and O18, were identified as Sphigomonas sp. and Corynebacterium sp., respectively.     

餐饮业外排烹调油烟气的危害及净化方法研究进展

我国快速发展的餐饮业外排的油烟气污染日趋严重,其毒性研究结果表明其中所含的污染物对人体健康有较大危害;油烟气形态及组成的特殊性使其净化处理较困难,国内外研究者针对这一问题相继作出了不少研究,取得了一定程度的进展.但对中国而言,仍然缺乏实用高效的油烟气净化技术.     

Effect of applying chemical fertilizers on forms of lead and cadmium in red soil

A three-month incubation study was undertaken to examine the influence of N, P and K on the various forms (soluble plus exchangeable (SE), weakly specifically adsorbed (WSA), Fe-Mn oxides bound (OX), organic matter complexed (OM) and residual fractions (RES)) of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in a red soil. Application of urea at the rate of 200 mg N/kg significantly lowered the SE fraction, but raised the WSA or OX fraction of both metals. Supply of 80 mg P/kg caused a decrease in the SE fraction of the two metals. The WSA fraction of Pb was reduced, whereas that of Cd increased by adding P. However, addition of 100 mg K/kg led to an increase in the SE fraction, but a decrease in the WSA fraction of Pb and Cd. Applying chemical fertilizers had no significant consistent influences on the other fractions of metals. These findings suggest that in heavy metal contaminated red soil, applying fertilizers does not only provide plant nutrients, but may also change the speciations and thus biovailability of heavy metals.     

炭素焙烧炉沥青烟净化处理

采用干式静电除尘技术,对炭素焙烧炉排放的含有烟尘、沥青烟的工业废气进行处理,达到既能高效净化有害气体,又能降低资金投入。处理后的各项指标为:烟尘排放浓度=20.0mg/m3,沥青烟排放浓度=14.2mg/m3,苯并(a)芘排放浓度=0.054×10-3mg/m3,所有污染物均达到排放标准。     

海洋石油工程新型溢油监测系统的研究

随着海洋石油的开采力度的加大,海上平台溢油事故也不断发生。在对传统监测方式的不足和海上溢油监测技术未来发展的趋势进行了综合考虑之后,开发了一套基于紫外诱导荧光探测技术的溢油监测系统。监测系统主要由检测终端、数据采集及异常报警系统和计算机处理及显示终端3个子模块组成,可以实现对海上平台潜在油污染源头信息的实时收集、传输、预警等功能。     

组合骨料型百喜草植生混凝土去除氮磷

以6组90 d龄期的组合骨料型百喜草植生混凝土盆栽为研究对象,用配制溶液静态培养的方法,选择氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)为主要指标,考查沸石与钢渣、沸石与浮石两种组合骨料型的植生混凝土对污染物的去除效果。结果表明,各组NH3-N 1 d、7 d的去除率分别为13.0%~16.9%和45.7%~56.7%,1 d去除率约占7 d的30%。各组TN 1 d、7 d的去除率分别为9.0%~14.1%和25.6%~39.2%,1 d去除率约占7 d的30%。各组TP 1 d、7 d的去除率分别为22.0%~33.3%和57.3%~89.3%,1 d去除率约占7 d的40%。NO3--N、NO2--N含量很低,NO3--N浓度基本在0.50 mg/L以下,NO2--N浓度变化范围在0.10 mg/L以下。综合NH3-N、TN和TP去除效果,沸石与浮石按1:1~1:3混合的百喜草植生混凝土具有良好的脱氮除磷效果。     

Formation and instability of aerobic granules under high organic loading conditions

The cultivation and instability of aerobic granular sludge in a sequencing batch reactor under high loading conditions were investigated. Compact bacteria-dominated aerobic granules with a mean diameter of 1 mm were formed at a chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading rate of 6.0 kg m(-3) d(-1) within 30 d. However, the compact bacteria-dominated aerobic granules were not stable and transited to large-sized filamentous ones gradually. With the formation of bacteria-dominated granules, the hydrophobicity and specific gravity of the sludge increased. When the granules were transited to filamentous ones, the hydrophobicity and specific gravity decreased. Both granules had a high COD removal efficiency, excellent settling ability and showed a clear, regular round-shaped outline. After the filamentous granules reached a diameter of 16 mm, due to the mass transfer limitation and the possible presence of anaerobes in the inner part of the granules, they began to disintegrate and be washed out of the reactor, follow by failure of the reactor.