基于数值模拟的细水雾在汽车涂装车间喷漆室的应用研究

采用FDS软件对细水雾扑救汽车涂装车间喷漆室火灾的灭火效能进行数值模拟分析,着重探讨了喷漆室纵向通风、细水雾雾滴粒径、雾滴喷射速度、汽车障碍物等对扑灭油漆火的影响。模拟结果表明:在细水雾与油漆火的相互作用过程中,细水雾对火源的表面冷却和隔氧窒息作用显著;为了防止室内氧气得到补充,在开启细水雾灭火的同时应当联动控制关闭纵向通风系统;在模拟工况条件下雾滴粒径为100μm~300μm的细水雾灭火效果优于粒径为400μm、500μm的细水雾;雾滴在一定喷射速度范围内速度越大灭火效果越好,喷射速度为10m/s的雾滴灭火效果明显优于3m/s和5m/s的雾滴,但是为了防止火焰横向蔓延,喷射速度不宜过高;在汽车障碍物火灾中部分微小的细水雾雾滴受到火焰的卷吸作用,可以绕过障碍物进入火区发挥冷却作用,细水雾灭火系统能够有效控制障碍物火灾,可以应用于汽车涂装车间喷漆室。     

发酵类抗生素废水处理工艺及运行效果

介绍了内蒙古某抗生素废水处理厂的处理工艺流程、处理单元类型及其详细设计参数,通过对该污水处理厂半年内运行效果的调研,分析评价该污水处理系统的处理效果及出水指标;该水厂工艺流程对COD、TOC、氨氮、总氮、总磷、BOD和急性毒性的平均去除率分别为96.52%、95.83%、50.24%、55.20%、62.05%、98.52%和99.14%,COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷出水水质分别为477、438、556.7和7.69 mg/L,达到排放到城区下水道要求,园区内所有废水汇集到园区污水处理厂进行集中深度处理达标后排放水体。通过对该水厂工艺的介绍和水质分析,为我国抗生素生产企业面临的废水处理工艺类型选择及工程改造升级提供一定参考。     

交通干道沿线土壤重金属监测与评估综述

公路运营所带来的铅、镉、锌等重金属污染物对人体健康安全存在着潜在和长期的影响。近年来,开展交通干道沿线重金属污染监测与评估工作已经成为环境监测工作的重要内容。从监测技术、评估方法、可能影响因素等几个方面对该领域的研究进展及成果进行了综述。采样段面的选取、点位的布设与样品的收集应该同时遵循全面性和代表性的原则。在同一交通干道内,均匀布置采样段面的同时可以尽量包含高车流量、中车流量与低车流量3种类型。考虑到重金属在横向距离上的分布规律,可以在0~100 m处设置密集采样点位,在100~300 m处设置适量采样点位。评估方法一般同时采用Kriging空间插值分析、污染指数分析、多元统计分析,生态风险评价与健康风险评价等多种分析方法。     

Combined toxicity of copper and cadmium to six rice genotypes （Oryza sativa L.）

Accumulation of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in six rice cultivars (94D-22, 94D-54, 94D-64, Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360) was evaluated through exposure to heavy metal contamination (100 mg/kg Cu, 1.0 mg/kg Cd, and 100 mg/kg Cu + 1.0 mg/kg Cd) in a greenhouse. The dry weight of shoot and root, concentrations of Cu and Cd in plant tissues and the Cu, Cd, P, Fe concentrations in the root surface iron plaques were analyzed eight weeks later after treatment. The results indicated that the plant biomass was mainly determined by rice genotypes, not Cu and Cd content in soil. Separated treatment with Cu/Cd increased each metal level in shoot, root and iron plaques. Soil Cu enhanced Cd accumulation in tissues. In contrast, Cu concentrations in shoot and root was unaffected by soil Cd. Compared to single metal contamination, combined treatment increased Cd content by 110.6%, 77.0% and 45.2% in shoot, and by 112.7%, 51.2% and 18.4% in root for Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360, respectively. The content level of Cu or Cd in root surface iron plaques was not affected by their soil content. Cu promoted Fe accumulation in iron plaques, while Cd has no effect on P and Fe accumulation in it. The translocation of Cu and Cd from iron plaques to root and shoot was also discussed. These results might be beneficial in selecting cultivars with low heavy metal accumulation and designing strategies for soil bioremediation.     

澜沧江梯级水坝库区沉积物重金属和营养盐污染特征及评价

为研究梯级水坝运行条件下沉积物中重金属和营养盐的污染状况,于2016年对澜沧江漫湾和大朝山梯级水坝库区表层沉积物中重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn)和营养盐(总有机碳TOC、总氮TN)的污染特征展开了调查,并采用潜在生态风险指数(RI)、有机指数(OI)、有机氮百分数(ONP)、TOC/TN和Pearson相关分析评价了梯级水坝库区沉积物污染状况及空间分布特征.结果表明,沿着库区河流纵向梯度,重金属和营养盐污染均表现为坝前静水区相对较高的空间分布格局.重金属潜在生态风险指数(RI)评价结果表明,上游漫湾库区重金属生态风险(I～III级)总体高于下游大朝山库区(I～II级);而营养盐污染程度则表现为下游大朝山库区高于上游漫湾库区的分布格局.两库区沉积物有机质主要由水库水体产生,漫湾库区坝前静水区雨季有机质来源主要为陆源.Pearson相关分析表明,沉积物重金属生态风险与营养盐污染的来源具有一定的空间差异性.梯级水坝工程对沉积物的重金属和营养盐污染具有显著的累积和拦截效应.     

Removal of heavy metals from a contaminated soil using tartaric acid

This study reports the feasibility of remediation of a heavy metal （HM） contaminated soil using tartaric acid, an environmentally-friendly extractant. Batch experiments were performed to test the factors influencing remediation of the HM contaminated soil. An empirical model was employed to describe the kinetics of riM dissolution/desorption and to predict equilibrium concentrations of HMs in soil leachate. The changes of HMs in different fractions before and after tartaric acid treatment were also investigated. Tartaric acid solution containing HMs was regenerated by chestnut shells. Results show that utilization of tartaric acid was effective for removal of riMs from the contaminated soil, attaining 50%-60% of Cd, 40%-50% of Pb, 40%-50% of Cu and 20%-30% of Zn in the pH range of 3.5-4.0 within 24 h. Mass transfer coefficients for cadmium （Cd） and lead （Pb） were much higher than those for copper （Cu） and zinc （Zn）. Sequential fractionations of treated and untreated soil samples showed that tartaric acid was effective in removing the exchangeable, carbonate fractions of Cd, Zn and Cu from the contaminated soil. The contents of Pb and Cu in Fe-Mn oxide fraciton were also significantly decreased by tartaric acid treatment. One hundred milliliters of tartaric acid solution containing HMs could be regenerated by 10 g chestnut shells in a batch reactor. Such a remediation procedure indicated that tartaric acid is a promising agent for remediation of HM contaminated soils. However, further research is needed before the method can be practically used for in situ remediation of contaminated sites.     

北京城区冬季道路灰尘粒度特征分析

对2013年1月于北京城区采集的40组道路灰尘样品用激光粒度仪进行粒度测定。结果表明:北京城区冬季道路灰尘频率曲线呈单峰态或双峰态分布,单峰型峰值粒径为112~237μm,双峰型第一峰值粒径为189~286μm,第二峰值粒径为42~57μm。道路灰尘平均粒径为183μm,分选性差,呈极不对称的极正偏宽峰态到窄峰态,属砂土。道路灰尘是局地灰尘和区域灰尘的混合物,且主要为跃移或短时悬浮颗粒物,对大气悬浮颗粒污染物的贡献量不大。研究4种不同道路类型灰尘发现,平均粒径从大到小顺序为快速路支路次干路主干路,分选系数与偏度为快速路主干路次干路支路,峰度无较大区别,细颗粒含量主干路次干路(支路、快速路)。主干路灰尘污染贡献率更高,对大气环境和人体健康的危害潜力不容忽视。     

混凝法深度处理印染废水中试研究

采用高效混凝沉淀-过滤深度处理工艺处理印染废水二级生化出水,并将混凝沉淀污泥回流.实验结果表明,混凝剂聚合氯化铝加入量为160 mg/L时,COD去除率平均可达34.6%,TP去除率平均达到87.9%,平均出水TP为0.3 mg/L.气相色谱-质谱分析和元素分析结果表明混凝沉淀工艺对有机物和TP的去除效果良好.     

TiO2催化高压脉冲放电等离子体降解2，4-二硝基苯酚

采用TiO2催化高压脉冲放电等离子体降解废水中的2,4-二硝基苯酚,对反应进行了动力学研究.研究结果表明,在高压脉冲放电等离子体及TiO2催化高压脉冲放电等离子体反应中,2,4-二硝基苯酚的降解过程均符合表观一级反应动力学方程.加入TiO2催化剂、提高放电电压均可提高2,4-二硝基苯酚的降解反应速率常数.在TiO2加入量为0.15%、放电电压为16 kV时,2,4-二硝基苯酚的降解率为87.4%,TiO2的催化效应增强因子为1.55.     

Ru/γ-Al_2O_3和Ru/AC催化剂的制备及其对氨氧化反应的催化性能

分别以γ-Al_2O_3和活性炭(AC)为载体,采用浸渍法制备了Ru质量分数均为2.0%的Ru/γ-Al_2O_3和Ru/AC催化剂,并用X射线衍射仪和透射电子显微镜等方法对催化剂结构进行了表征.实验结果表明:Ru/AC中Ru沉积在AC表面,分散度较低;而Ru/γ-Al_2O_3中Ru进入到γ-Al_2O_3内部,形成了一种高度分散体系.Ru/γ-Al_2O_3对氨的催化活性高于Ru/AC,氨在Ru/γ-Al_2O_3和Ru/AC上的起活温度分别为200 ℃和266 ℃,T_(90)(氨去除率达90%时的反应温度)分别为267℃和320 ℃.随混合气体空速增大,Ru/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂的T_(90)逐渐升高,气体空速分别为3 600,4 800,5 400 h~(-1)时,T_(90)分别为235,266,303 ℃.随反应前混合气体中氨质量分数增加,氨的去除率降低.