外源Hg胁迫对3种烟草品种叶绿素含量和光合效应的影响

为研究不同浓度汞(Hg)对烟草光合作用的影响,选择福建省3个主栽烟草品种(翠碧1号、K326、云烟87)幼苗进行盆栽试验,设置0、1、2、4、8、16 mg·kg~(-1)共6个浓度组。结果表明:(1)3种烟草叶片叶绿素含量与对照比均无显著差异(P0.05),但F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、PI_(ABS)随胁迫浓度增加均呈下降趋势,可见Hg胁迫下烟草叶绿素含量和光合强度没有必然的相关性。(2)在较高浓度(4 mg·kg~(-1))Hg胁迫下,OJIP曲线改变了形状,表明Hg胁迫对烟草叶片光合机构影响主要是PSⅡ及光系统反应中心受到损伤,光合电子传递过程受到抑制,这可能是烟草叶片光合效应显著下降的主要因素。(3)烟草叶片PSII单位反应中心比活性参数ABS/RC、TRo/RC、DIo/RC与胁迫浓度正相关,ETo/RC和RC/CSo与胁迫浓度呈负相关,在较高浓度Hg胁迫下烟草叶片通过耗散过剩的光能和提高多余能量消耗量来保护光合机构免受更大的伤害,表现出较强的自我调节能力。     

铬污染土壤的微生物修复工艺及中试

本研究利用土柱试验研究了铬污染土壤微生物修复的各工艺参数,结果表明:土壤粒径、喷淋强度、以及修复工艺对铬污染土壤的修复效果有很大的影响.最佳的工艺参数为:土壤粒径1～2 cm、喷淋强度在29.6～59.2 mL·min-1、工艺制度Ⅱ(先用自来水淋洗1 d,接着用菌液循环喷淋).在土柱试验的基础上开展了25吨/批的中试试验,铬污染土壤经过7～10 d的处理,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)浸出毒性浓度由53.8 mg·L-1降低至0.4 mg·L-1,达到《铬渣污染治理环境技术规范》(HJ/T301～2007)中铬渣用作路基材料和混凝土骨料的标准限值,证明铬污染土壤微生物修复工业化具有可行性,为铬污染土壤工程化修复提供了技术支撑.     

Seasonal variations in leaf capturing of particulate matter, surface wettability and micromorphology in urban tree species

The seasonal changes in leaf particulate matter (PM) accumulation, surface wettability and micromorphology in urban tree species, including Sophora japonica (S. japonica), Platanus acerifolia (P. acerifolia) and Cedrus deodara (C. deodara), were studied during a single growing season. The three species showed distinct seasonal trends in PM accumulation, increasing from spring to autumn (or winter) even during the rainy season, but at different rates. During the study, the leaf PM retention amount of P. acerifolia, a species with ridged leaf surfaces, was significantly higher than that of S. japonica and C. deodara, species with waxy leaf surfaces. The contact angles of water droplets on leaves decreased with leaf age except on the abaxial surface of S. japonica, which remained non-wettable or highly non-wettable throughout the growing season; the decrease in the contact angle on adaxial surface of S. japonica was greater when compared with P. acerifolia and C. deodara. A significant and negative relationship existed between leaf PM retention amounts and contact angles on adaxial surface of leaves of all three species. The increase in wettability, probably caused when epicuticular wax was destroyed by mechanical and chemical abrasion, seemed to be the main factor leading to seasonal variations in leaf PM accumulation.     

DBP高效降解菌群的富集及其降解特性研究

以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)为唯一碳源及能源,从开封市垃圾焚烧发电厂活性污泥中富集得到细菌菌群LV-1,高通量测序显示LV-1共包含33个科、48个属,其中优势菌属为布鲁氏杆菌(Brucella sp.,62.78%)和中华杆菌(Sinobacter sp.,14.83%).在最佳降解条件下(30℃、p H6.0),LV-1 48 h内可将500 mg·L-1DBP降解93%左右,72 h内将1000 mg·L-1DBP降解95%以上.当DBP浓度为100~500 mg·L~(-1)时,LV-1对DBP的降解过程符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为13.64~19.20 h.利用GC-MS对DBP生物降解的中间产物进行分析,推测LV-1降解DBP的生化途径:DBP—→邻苯二甲酸-1-乙基-6-丁基酯(BEP)—→邻苯二甲酸单丁酯(MBP)—→邻苯二甲酸单乙酯(MEP)—→邻苯二甲酸(PA—→—→)CO_2+H_2O.此外,LV-1还能够有效降解侧链较短的邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)及PA.     

黔中天龙山喀斯特次生林林分空间结构的量化与分析

评估林分的空间结构可为研究森林现状与生长发育过程提供重要信息,在林分的动态过程监测和指导植被的恢复与重建等方面具有重要研究意义。本文利用混交度、大小比数、角尺度3个空间结构指数,分析了黔中普定县天龙山喀斯特次生林2hm~2森林固定样地的林分空间结构特征。结果表明,天龙山喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林的混交度、大小比数和角尺度分别为0.737、0.498和0.516,表明林分中林木种间处于高度混交状态,树木胸径的大小分化程度差异较小,并且树木处于轻度聚集分布状态。研究结果可为西南喀斯特地区天然次生林的空间结构优化以及植被的恢复与重建措施的制定提供参考。     

不同负荷CNG/汽油两用燃料电控发动机排放物对环境影响研究

CNG/汽油两用燃料发动机的开发是交通运输领域解决能源危机和环境污染的问题最为便捷和有效的途径.基于一台4RB2电控汽油机加装顺序喷射天然气系统,在完成动力性标定的基础上,开展了发动机在不同负荷CNG/汽油两种燃烧模式下,能量消耗和NOx、HC、CO等有害排放物对环境影响研究.结果发现,各测试负荷工况下,发动机燃用CNG的能耗比燃用汽油的低,NOx、HC、CO三种有害排放物亦优于汽油燃烧模式,说明了CNG作为点燃式发动机燃料对保护环境的优越性.     

Regeneration performance and carbon consumption of semi-coke and activated coke for SO2 and NO removal

To decrease the operating cost of flue gas purification technologies based on carbon-based materials, the adsorption and regeneration performance of low-price semi-coke and activated coke were compared for SO₂ and NO removal in a simulated flue gas. The functional groups of the two adsorbents before and after regeneration were characterized by a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, and were quantitatively assessed using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) coupled with FTIR and acid–base titration. The results show that semi-coke had higher adsorption capacity (16.2% for SO₂ and 38.6% for NO) than activated coke because of its higher content of basic functional groups and lactones. After regeneration, the adsorption performance of semi-coke decreased because the number of active functional groups decreased and the micropores increased. Semi-coke had better regeneration performance than activated coke. Semi-coke had a larger SO₂ recovery of 7.2% and smaller carbon consumption of 12% compared to activated coke. The semi-coke carbon-based adsorbent could be regenerated at lower temperatures to depress the carbon consumption, because the SO₂ recovery was only reduced a small amount.     

海甸岛周边水系沉积物重金属分布及风险评价

沿海甸岛周边水系布设29个代表点采集沉积物,依据样品中As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu的含量、形态分布及规律,探讨沉积物粒径效应,以潜在生态危害指数法对沉积物重金属污染进行评价。结果表明:Cu、Cr对海甸溪及与其交界附近的横沟河沉积物污染已经影响到其环境质量水准,其含量与采样点沉积物p H值大小呈显著负相关,且随p H增大明显降低。重金属的生物有效性为As>Cd>Hg>Cr>Pb>Cu。相同金属在海、溪、河沉积物中的形态分布有差异,其中溪的差异性较明显。6种重金属全量均存在小粒径高富集现象,同种重金属各粒径形态分布相似,且随粒径减小,非稳定态占比增大;单种重金属潜在生态危害程度或6种重金属总潜在生态危害程度均属于轻微级。     

实施《水污染防治行动计划》推动水环境产业发展——对《水污染防治行动计划》的解读

落实《水污染防治行动计划》将大力推动我国水环境产业发展,据环保部测算《水污染防治行动计划》将拉动环保产业新增产值1.9万亿,其中直接购买环保产业产品和服务将不少于1.4万亿元。研究表明,水污染防治行动计划明确水环境质量改善的阶段性目标,对重点流域、工业行业、规模化畜禽养殖、工业集聚区、城镇生活污水治理等领域的发展需求巨大,并促进我国水污染治理领域政府和社会资本合作(PPP)、政府购买环保公共服务、重点区域环境污染第三方治理等模式创新发展。文章在分析水污染防治行动计划对环保产业发展带来机遇的基础上,重点分析了水环境产业发展的重点领域,提出了健全投资方式与回报机制、鼓励丰富融资工具、拓宽融资渠道、注重技术研发引进与成果转化等水环境产业发展对策措施。     

石化企业突发水体环境风险应急能力评估及对策分析

对某石化企业炼油区域水体环境风险防控现状进行分析,结合汇水区划分、事故状况下最大可能物料泄漏量、消防能力以及区域降雨情况等对企业突发水体环境风险应急能力进行评估,并提出了针对性的对策和建议.