Ten-year emission characteristics of atmospheric pollutants from incineration of sacrificial offerings in China

The incineration of sacrificial offerings is a significant widely practiced custom that is also a kind of neglected air pollution source in China. Our results showed that the emission factors of particulate matter, SO₂, CO, NO_x, and VOCs emitted from the incineration of sacrificial offerings with purification systems were reduced by 95%, 19%, 9%, 82%, and 42%, respectively, compared with those without a purification system, revealing a significant effect of the flue gas purification system on reducing particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. The emission level of air pollutants from the incineration of sacrificial offerings remained stable before 2013 and then showed a remarkable decrease after the implementation of China´s Air Pollution Prevention Action Plan in 2013. The emissions of TSP (total suspended particulate), PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and NO_x in 2009 were 8222, 6106, 5656 and 15,878 ton, respectively, obviously higher than 3434, 2551, 2305 and 8579 ton in 2019. Such trend was affected by both the quantity of incineration and the installation rate of purification systems after the Emission Standard of Air Pollutants for Crematory (GB 13801-2015) issued in China. Distinct spatial distribution of atmospheric pollutants from incineration of sacrificial offerings was found with higher in the east and south of China than the west and north of China, which is proportional to the regional economy and population. The maximum ground-level concentration typically occurred at 0.12-0.2 km from the pollution source, posing potential health risks to people entering and exiting funeral and burial sites and nearby residents.     

油气集输及处理节能减排的实践与探索

通过分析某作业区节能减排的现状、潜力及存在问题,结合典型实例,探讨了油田节能减排的途径和主要方法:应建立和完善各项节能减排制度,在推进能源节约、推行污染减排、加强资源综合利用等方面,实现全方位立体化节能减排。同时,应制定中长期工作规划,淘汰高能耗设备、应用新技术、加大监督检查力度等措施以实现油田企业可持续发展。     

Improved electricity production and nitrogen enrichment during the treatment of black water using manganese ore-modified anodes

Environmental Chemistry Letters - The decline of fossil fuel availability is calling for alternative energy such as electricity produced by degradation of waste in microbial fuel cells. The...     

The key role of hydrophobicity in the determination of pharmaceuticals by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry under the interference of natural organic matter

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The determination of trace-level pharmaceuticals in water is generally performed using liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry, which is...     

影响凹陷管道安全因素分析

为了分析管道上凹陷对其安全性的影响,以非线性接触模型为基础,应用ABAQUS有限元软件,建立矩形状压头作用于管道的三维模型。通过求解模型,探讨了凹陷深度、凹陷位置、凹陷尺寸、管道内压对管道轴向应变和韧性失效损伤因子的影响。结果表明:管道的轴向应变随着内压的增大而增大,然而内压的存在却对管道韧性失效起到一定的抑制作用。当韧性失效损伤因子D=1时可以通过韧性断裂准则预测其临界失效应变;当凹陷深度超过一定范围内压会使损伤程度增大;当凹陷位置为垂直于管道正上方时,其对管道的轴向应变及韧性失效损伤因子的影响较大;当管道内压一定时,随着凹陷变形量的增加,与凹陷轴向长度相比,凹陷宽度的变化对管道的轴向应变及韧性失效损伤因子程度影响更显著,而增大凹陷长度和宽度均可有效降低其对管道安全性的影响。     

Red soil for sediment capping to control the internal nutrient release under flow conditions

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) released from the sediment to the surface water is a major source of water quality impairment. Therefore, inhibiting sediment nutrient release seems necessary. In this study, red soil (RS) was employed to control the nutrients released from a black-odorous river sediment under flow conditions. The N and P that were released were effectively controlled by RS capping. Continuous-flow incubations showed that the reduction efficiencies of total N (TN), ammonium (NH ₄ ⁺ -N), total P (TP) and soluble reactive P (SRP) of the overlying water by RS capping were 77%, 63%, 77% and 92%, respectively, and nitrification and denitrification occurred concurrently in the RS system. An increase in the water velocity coincided with a decrease in the nutrient release rate as a result of intensive water aeration.

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镉胁迫对不同水稻品种幼苗根系形态和生理特性的影响

为了解植物根系对重金属镉的反应,以水稻秀水63和秀水09为试验材料,采用溶液培养方法,研究不同浓度镉(0、1、5、10、25、50、100 μmol·L~(-1))对水稻幼苗根系形态和部分生理特性的影响.结果表明:1 μmol·L~(-1)镉处理对2个水稻品种根系生长有一定的促进作用,表现为植株干质量、根系总长度、根系表面积、根体积和根系活力均略有升高.但随着镉浓度(5～100 μmol·L~(-1))增加,表现出一定的抑制效应,与对照相比,秀水63和秀水09分别在10 μmol·L~(-1)和25 μmol·L~(-1)镉处理时的根系干质量、根系总长度、根系表面积、根体积和根系活力明显受到抑制,而根系平均直径、质膜透性均有所增加.不同浓度镉胁迫对两个水稻品种直径≤1.5 mm的根系生长影响最大,其中高于10 μmol·L~(-1)镉胁迫下,秀水63直径≤1.5 mm根系长度、根系表面积和根系体积分别降低了11.89%～55.39%、10.77%～57.27%和18.37%～67.35%,秀水09分别降低了6.84%～40.48%、8.55%～42.79%和16.50%～52.42%.本实验结果表明,2个水稻品种对镉胁迫存在着一定的差异,秀水09对Cd胁迫的耐受能力要强于秀水63.     

天津市松针中可挥发全(多)氟取代烷基化合物的分布

本研究调查了天津市松针中6种可挥发PFASs的浓度水平,旨在探讨松针作为可挥发PFASs天然被动采样装置的可行性.结果表明,松针中可挥发PFASs的总浓度范围为0.43—45.69 ng·g-1(脂质),平均浓度4.92 ng·g-1(脂质),不同采样点PFASs的浓度水平存在差异.8∶2氟调醇和10∶2氟调醇是松针中的主要检出物,8∶2氟调醇的检出率高达85%,浓度在0.23—17.46 ng·g-1(脂质)之间,10∶2氟调醇全部被检出,浓度范围为0.43—28.23 ng·g-1(脂质);N-乙基全氟辛烷磺酰胺和N-乙基全氟辛烷磺酰胺基乙醇的检出率较低;而N-甲基全氟辛烷磺酰胺基乙醇和6∶2氟调醇在松针中未被检出.松针中氟调醇的浓度水平随着碳链长度增加而增加.与大气被动采样器相比,松针可作为被动采样的一种形式,从一定程度上反映大气中可挥发PFASs的浓度水平.     

烟草对砷的吸收累积特征及其健康风险研究

以福建省主栽烟草品种翠碧1号、K326和云烟87为材料,在外源砷添加量为0、10、20、40、70和100 mg·kg~(-1)的土壤中进行盆栽试验,探讨砷对烟草的毒害效应以及砷在土壤-烟草体系中的迁移累积特征,并对植烟土壤中砷的安全临界值进行计算。结果表明,在砷毒害下,烟草生长受到抑制,且烟草根系生长受抑制程度最强。随着砷添加量的增加,土壤中有效砷含量和烟草各部位砷含量均显著提高(P 0.05),砷在根系中的含量最高,在茎中的含量最低。砷处理下各部位间的转移系数表现为TF_((茎-叶)) TF_((土-根)) TF_((根-茎)),且外源砷的增加促进砷从茎到叶片中转移。38.28%～74.37%的砷富集在烟草根部,上部叶中砷的富集量最少(4.61%～11.7%),且所研究的3个烟草品种中翠碧1号对砷的富集能力最强。根据通过吸烟进入人体砷的限量以及土壤有效砷含量与烟草中部叶砷含量的回归模型,推算出翠碧1号、K326和云烟87的植烟土壤有效砷的安全临界值分别为14.17、14.31和11.86 mg·kg~(-1)(磷酸二氢钠浸提)。并将福建省植烟土壤有效砷的安全临界值拟定为11.86 mg·kg~(-1)(磷酸二氢钠浸提)。本研究结果为福建省烟草安全生产提供一定技术指导。     

上海室内外降尘磁学空间变化特征

采用磁学方法分析上海市室内外降尘样品的磁学参数在不同功能区和不同行政区的变化特征,探讨影响室内外降尘磁学性质的影响因素。研究结果表明:上海市大气降尘污染有自然和人为2种影响因素;室内外降尘样品的磁性特征均受磁铁矿控制,主要以假单畴和多畴颗粒为主;低频磁化率在功能区上呈现出工业区(553.464×10~(-8)m~3/kg)交通区(484.302×10~(-8) m~3/kg)商业区(443.216×10~(-8) m~3/kg)居住区(320.849×10~(-8) m~3/kg)清洁区(269×10~(-8) m~3/kg)的空间变化趋势在行政区上整体呈现出宝山区(558.104×10~(-8) m~3/kg)、杨浦区(464.263×10~(-8) m~3/kg)的磁化率偏高,崇明区(218.673×10~(-8) m~3/kg)、奉贤区(218.868×10~(-8) m~3/kg)、松江区(218.689×10~(-8) m~3/kg)磁化率较低。室内外降尘的低频磁化率(χ_(if))、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)和非磁滞剩磁磁化率(χ_(ARM))的相关系数分别为0.777、0.504、0.547,有较好的正相关关系表明室内外降尘来源很可能存在一定的趋同性。对比分析不同磁学参数,可以更好地反映降尘污染状况。研究发现χ_(lf)、SIRM和χ_(ARM)可以作为上海市大气降尘磁性特征的有效参考指标。在不同行政区大气降尘磁化率和PM_(10)浓度表现出相似的空间变化趋势。降尘样品的磁学参数测量速度快,方便用于监测城市空气污染的状况,在一定程度上可以对空气污染指数有一定的指代作用。