淀粉-g-丙烯酸/凹凸棒土复合物制备及其吸附废水中NH_4~＋-N性能

采用反相乳液聚合法以凹凸棒土为原料,合成了新型NH4＋-N吸附剂淀粉-g-丙烯酸/凹凸棒土,并进行了氨氮吸附对比实验。结果表明：凹凸棒土氨氮单位吸附量为4.243 mg/g;淀粉-g-丙烯酸/凹凸棒土氨氮单位吸附量为5.301 mg/g,吸附能力比未改性的凹凸棒土提高了25%。淀粉-g-丙烯酸/凹凸棒土的氨氮吸附过程比...     

生物活性炭填料反应器处理含盐水体的硝化性能

以颗粒活性炭为填料,采用盐度梯度两步驯化法构建含盐水体生物滤器硝化功能,研究了生物滤器稳定后水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)、进水氨氮负荷和CODMn/N等对反应器硝化性能的影响。结果表明,25～27℃,盐度30的含盐水体生物滤器硝化功能构建需73 d,其中淡水生物滤器硝化功能构建需28 d,淡水驯化为盐度15的生物滤器需19 d,盐度15驯化为盐度30的生物滤器需26 d;实验条件下生物活性炭填料反应器中生物量达到146～742.1 nmolP/g-BAC;调节进水氨氮浓度2 mg/L左右时,最佳HRT为1 h,氨氮去除率达到84.98%,相应的氨氧化菌和硝酸菌氧吸收速率(oxygen uptake rate,OUR)分别为2.091和1.948 mg O2/(g-BAC.h);HRT为1 h时,随着进水氨氮负荷的加大,氨氮去除率逐渐降低,当进水氨氮负荷由0.12增加到0.48 g-N/(kg-BAC.d)时,氨氮去除率由84.98%降低到41.68%,同时氨氧化菌OUR由2.091降低到0.625 mg O2/(g-BAC.h);随着CODMn/N的升高,氨氮去除率下降,CODMn/N从1～8时,氨氮去除率由84.98%降低到53.64%,CODMn去除率却逐渐增加,由40.86%增加到93.59%,异养菌OUR随着CODMn/N升高呈上升趋势,最大达到0.914 mg O2/(g-BAC.h)。     

Surface modification of mesoporous silica nanoparticle with 4-triethoxysilylaniline to enhance seawater desalination properties of thin-film nanocomposite reverse osmosis membranes

• Mesoporous silica nanoparticle was modified with 4-triethoxysilylaniline. • AMSN-based TFN-RO membranes were prepared for seawater desalination. • Water transport capability of the AMSN was limited by polyamide. • Polyamide still plays a key role in permeability of the TFN RO membranes. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN), with higher water permeability than NaA zeolite, were used to fabricate thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. However, only aminoalkyl-modified MSN and low-pressure (less than 2.1 MPa) RO membrane were investigated. In this study, aminophenyl-modified MSN (AMSN) were synthesized and used to fabricate high-pressure (5.52 MPa) RO membranes. With the increasing of AMSN dosage, the crosslinking degree of the aromatic polyamide decreased, while the hydrophilicity of the membranes increased. The membrane morphology was maintained to show a ridge-and-valley structure, with only a slight increase in membrane surface roughness. At the optimum conditions (AMSN dosage of 0.25 g/L), when compared with the pure polyamide RO membrane, the water flux of the TFN RO membrane (55.67 L/m²/h) was increased by about 21.6%, while NaCl rejection (98.97%) was slightly decreased by only 0.29%. However, the water flux of the membranes was much lower than expected. We considered that the enhancement of RO membrane permeability is attributed to the reduction of the effective thickness of the PA layer.     

豫境黄淮海平原土壤重金属背景值研究

长期缺少豫境黄淮海平原土壤重金属背景值数据,很多学者不得不用河南省土壤或中国潮土元素背景值作为标准评价重金属污染.那么,豫境黄淮海平原土壤重金属背景值与河南省土壤、中国潮土是否存在差异？平原内部是否存在重金属背景值的空间差异？这是影响评价结果可靠性的关键,需要开展研究.采用10 km×10 km网格法,在研究区沙河干流以南(南区)和以北(北区)分别采集土壤表层样品336份和561份.用电感耦合等离子体发射质谱法(ICP-MS)测定样品Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn和Ni含量,用原子荧光光度法(AFS)法测定样品Hg、As含量.在重金属含量异常值剔除和数据分布检验基础上,分别确定南区和北区重金属背景值.结果表明,南区土壤Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn和Ni背景值分别为0.066、4.11、0.130、56.72、20.97、23.31、59.21和24.03 mg·kg^-1,北区上述重金属的背景值分别为0.061、7.45、0.129、51.92、18.96、22.72、66.96和27.16 mg·kg^-1.北区土壤As、Zn和Ni背...     

郑州市对流层NO2柱浓度时空变化及其影响因素

基于郑州市2005—2015年的OMI遥感反演资料以及地面相关监测数据,研究了郑州市对流层NO_2的时空分布特征,并利用灰色关联法对郑州市NO_2柱浓度变化的主要影响因素进行分析。与地面观测数据对比检验显示,对流层NO_2柱浓度年均值数据与近地面监测站NO_2浓度的实测年均值数据呈显著的正相关,相关系数分别为0.884 6和0.940 2,表明OMI数据资料可以较好地反映地面NO_2浓度的变化。郑州市的对流层NO_2柱浓度在2005—2013年间呈现波动变化且2013—2015年NO_2柱浓度显著减小的特征。季节变化上NO_2柱浓度主要表现为冬季秋季春季夏季的特点。郑州市对流层NO_2柱浓度的空间变化分布主要表现为由北部向南部逐渐递减的趋势,年际变化上高值区与低值区变化不够显著,中值区近年来不断扩大。灰色关联度分析结果显示,汽车保有量与对流层NO_2柱浓度的灰色关联度最低为0.571,而标准煤消耗量、工业用电量以及采暖供热量与对流层NO_2柱浓度的灰色关联度比较高,分别为0.956、0.828、0.862,即大气中工业过程及采暖期煤炭燃烧排放的NO_2占较大比例,汽车尾气排放所占的比例相对较小。     

火化车间VOCs排放特征、臭氧生成潜势及暴露风险评价

通过对京津冀地区20家火葬场火化车间挥发性有机物（Volatile Organic Compounds, VOCs）现场采样和实验室分析,探究其环境VOCs浓度水平及化学组分特征,并采用最大增量反应活性（Maximum Incremental Reactivity, MIR）计算了不同组分的臭氧生成潜势（Ozone Formation Potential,OFP）,最后利用美国EPA推荐的暴露风险评价模型对11种VOCs组分的非致癌和致癌风险进行了评价.结果表明：①火化车间VOCs浓度为147~3926 μg·m^-3,平均浓度为993 μg·m^-3,超过了国家室内空气质量标准中总挥发性有机化合物（Total Volatile Organic Compounds, TVOC）限值.在化学组分中,烯烃、苯及苯系物和烷烃占比较大,分别贡献了32.6%、25.5%和18.2%.②烯烃对臭氧生成潜势OFP的贡献率最高,达到61.8%,其次是苯及苯系物和烷烃,分别贡献了25.6%和6.3%,三者OFP贡献之和达93.6%,是火化车间VOCs组分中臭氧生成潜势的关键活性组分.③非致癌风险方面,苯的危害指数（Hazard Index, HI）值为1.4,对暴露人群具有明显的非致癌风险;致癌风险方面,苯、甲苯和二氯甲烷的风险值（R）均超过了致癌风险阈值,需采取措施进行重点控制,以确保区域内人员身体健康.     

Cu、Cd污染对土壤脲酶活性的影响研究

随着重金属污染的越来越重,重金属对土壤环境的危害引起人们广泛的关注,土壤酶作为土壤生态系统中生化反应的催化剂,对各种土壤代谢过程起驱动作用.为研究单因素重金属Cu、Cd对于土壤脲酶活性的影响,以至于对环境保护和环境评价工作提供意见.本文采用靛酚蓝比色法测定脲酶活性,以氨氮浓度表征土壤脲酶活性.实验结果表明,随着Cu2＋、Cd2＋浓度的增加,土壤脲酶活性显著降低,即重金属对土壤脲酶具有抑制作用.     

Adsorption and desorption of SO2, NO and chlorobenzene on activated carbon

Activated carbon (AC) is very effective for multi-pollutant removal; however, the complicated components in flue gas can influence each other''s adsorption. A series of adsorption experiments for multicomponents, including SO₂, NO, chlorobenzene and H₂O, on AC were performed in a fixed-bed reactor. For single-component adsorption, the adsorption amount for chlorobenzene was larger than for SO₂ and NO on the AC. In the multi-component atmosphere, the adsorption amount decreased by 27.6% for chlorobenzene and decreased by 95.6% for NO, whereas it increased by a factor of two for SO₂, demonstrating that a complex atmosphere is unfavorable for chlorobenzene adsorption and inhibits NO adsorption. In contrast, it is very beneficial for SO₂ adsorption. The temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) results indicated that the binding strength between the gas adsorbates and the AC follows the order of SO₂ > chlorobenzene > NO. The adsorption amount is independent of the binding strength. The presence of H₂O enhanced the component effects, while it weakened the binding force between the gas adsorbates and the AC. AC oxygen functional groups were analyzed using TPD and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The results reveal the reason why the chlorobenzene adsorption is less affected by the presence of other components. Lactone groups partly transform into carbonyl and quinone groups after chlorobenzene desorption. The chlorobenzene adsorption increases the number of C = O groups, which explains the positive effect of chlorobenzene on SO₂ adsorption and the strong NO adsorption.     

伤根对谷子水分利用效率的影响

通过盆栽试验，研究了伤根对谷子水分利用效率的影响．结果表明，苗期适度伤根能够提高谷子叶片水分利用效率（WUE），而苗期伤根量较严重或拔节期和孕穗期伤根则会降低谷子叶片WUE．在谷子收获期，除TM（高水分条件下，孕穗期中度伤根）和sl（低水分条件下，拔节期轻度伤根）处理外，其余伤根处理的生物量WUE均高于对照．在高水条件下，伤根处理对谷子籽粒产量WUE影响不显著；而在低水分条件下，前期适度伤根能使谷子籽粒产量WUE显著提高，而后期伤根处理的籽粒产量WUE提高不显著．图3表1参11     

基于K-means聚类的沙尘天气快速识别技术研究

依据沙尘天气判定条件分析2018年春季（2—4月）陕西省西安市环境空气质量小时监测数据，共识别9 d受沙尘影响。研究基于K-means聚类沙尘天气分析方法，分析沙尘天气监测数据特征，并对沙尘识别聚类模型进行优化研究，识别的沙尘影响天气与传统方法一致。分析表明，聚类方法可用于沙尘天气监测数据的识别，与传统方法相比较，基于K-means聚类方法能够快速、准确识别沙尘影响天气。