高锰酸钾缓释剂的制备及其性能研究

利用油相相分离法微胶囊技术,以硬脂酸为壳物质,制备高锰酸钾缓释剂,通过条件优化实验,确定最佳工艺条件为:壳核比值为3∶1、搅拌速度450 r/min以及超声时间为10 min。所制的高锰酸钾缓释剂包覆率为163.3%,在水中缓释行为符合Q=0.00518×t0.611(R2=0.9951)动力学方程,理论缓释期为229.4 d,具有较好的缓释效果。对高锰酸钾缓释剂进行红外光谱和环境电镜扫描分析,结果表明,成膜前后硬脂酸的结构发生改变,硬脂酸对高锰酸钾的微胶囊化不是简单的物理吸附,而是通过化学键合包覆在高锰酸钾表面。     

改性核桃壳对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附

采用甲醛-硫酸改性法制备改性核桃壳吸附剂,利用静态吸附法研究了改性核桃壳对模拟废水中低浓度Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能,并采用SEM和FTIR技术对改性前后的核桃壳进行表征。表征结果显示,改性后的核桃壳表面更粗糙,孔隙轮廓更清晰,更有利于对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附。实验结果表明:在初始Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为20 mg/L、初始废水p H为1、吸附温度为30℃、吸附时间为100 min、改性核桃壳加入量为24 g/L的条件下,改性核桃壳对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率为98.4%,高于在相同条件下未改性核桃壳对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率(93.1%);改性核桃壳对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附更符合Freundlich等温吸附方程,对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附行为满足拟二级动力学方程。     

Effects of pre-oxidation and adsorption on haloacetonitrile and trichloronitromethane formation during subsequent chlorination

In this study, the effects of pre-oxidants permanganate (PM), persulfate (PS), hydrogen peroxide (PO), and ozone (OZ)) and/or adsorption on pseudoboemite-chitosan shell magnetic nanoparticles (ACMNs) on haloacetonitrile (HAN) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM) formation from aspartic acid (Asp; positive charge) and/or histidine (His; negative charge) were compared. Asp and His apparently do not interact in aqueous solution during chlorination. Asp and/or His can undergo partially oxidation by PM, but are recalcitrant to direct oxidation by PS and PO. Pre-oxidation with OZ decreases the formation of HANs but increases the formation of TCNM. ACMN prefers to adsorb Asp over His in the competitive sorption of coexisting Asp and His because of attractive electrostatic interactions. The rank order for the effect of the pre-oxidants and ACMN adsorption on dichloroacetonitrile and trichloroacetonitrile formation is OZ and ACMN adsorption > PM and ACMN adsorption > PS and ACMN adsorption > PO and ACMN adsorption; that for the effect of the pre-oxidants and ACMN adsorption on TCNM formation is PM and ACMN adsorption > PS and ACMN adsorption > PO and ACMN adsorption > OZ and ACMN adsorption. The favored adsorption of Asp over His by ACMN is weakened by pre-oxidation.

     

Research on measurement and improvement path of industrial green development in China: a perspective of environmental welfare efficiency

The increasing concern about the environmental issue and its serious adverse effects on human health has made China’s industrial green transformation being a matter of public concern. In this study, a network slack-based measure (NSBM) was applied to explore China’s industrial green development level from the perspective of environmental welfare efficiency (EWE), considering not only the impact of industrial development on environment and economy, but also the impact on human well-being. Based on the data of 30 provincial administrative regions in China from 2004 to 2017, the comprehensive efficiency (CE) of China’s industrial sector was measured and decomposed. The results show that the industrial production efficiency (IPE) is much higher than the EWE, and the improvement of the EWE will be the key to realize the green transformation of China’s industry. On this basis, considering the effects of spatial interaction, the spatial Durbin model was established to analyze the driving factors of EWE. Finally, this research puts forward promotion path of industrial green development.

     

盐碱地不同土地利用方式下土壤细菌群落结构多样性差异分析

为了研究盐碱地不同土地利用方式下土壤细菌群落结构特征分布,利用高通量测序技术,对黄河三角洲地区的耕地、园地和荒地中3个不同深度的土壤细菌群落结构多样性进行了研究.结果表明:①荒地中的土壤细菌群落丰富度和多样性均大于其他土地利用类型.②相同土地利用类型的细菌群落结构相似度较高,而不同土地利用类型的细菌群落结构有一定的差别.③细菌群落在门类水平上达到20门以上,优势菌种均以放线菌门、变形菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门及浮霉菌门为主,相对丰度约为69%～83%;属类水平的细菌群落达230多属,酸杆菌属在土壤中的相对丰度最高,为5.76%.④土壤有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量与土壤细菌多样性指数呈显著相关性.     

磁场强化絮凝减缓膜污染的影响因素分析

研究磁场及磁致效应对磁强化絮凝膜过滤工艺(Magnetic enhanced flocculation membrane filtration,MEFMF)处理地表水中膜污染的影响;运用Design-Expert7.0软件进行试验设计,考察了磁化时间、混凝剂浓度和磁粉浓度对磁强化絮凝膜过滤工艺中膜污染变化的影响,结果表明磁化时间、混凝剂浓度以及两者的协同作用是影响磁强化絮凝膜过滤工艺中膜污染的主要因素.磁化时间和混凝剂浓度的协同作用影响着磁絮体的粒径和膜表面滤饼层形态,磁絮凝工艺形成的絮体粒径大且分型维数高,减弱了膜孔堵塞,减缓了膜污染.磁强化絮凝减缓膜污染最佳试验条件是磁化时间为6 min,Fe3O4浓度为8 mg·L-1,FeCl3浓度为44 mg·L-1.     

浅层平铺炭质吸附剂治理多氯联苯污染底泥的有效性评价研究

以颗粒活性炭和粉末活性炭为修复剂,并对其表面性质进行了表征.同时,应用三维荧光光谱、半透膜被动采样装置(SPMDs)和低密度聚乙烯膜(LDPEs)被动采样3种方法评价其治理多氯联苯污染底泥的效果.三维荧光实验结果表明,到第3个月,底泥修复开始显现了比较明显的效果,溶解性污染物明显减少.SPMDs试验结果显示,颗粒活性炭和粉末活性炭修复的底泥在修复后的第5个月,其目标污染物PCB40被摄取量的减少率分别达到88%和70%,LDPEs相应结果达到了91%和83%.试验表明,炭质吸附剂浅层平铺修复污染底泥效果显著,且颗粒炭比粉末炭修复效果更好.     

Disinfection byproduct precursor removal by enhanced coagulation and their distribution in chemical fractions

Raw water from the Songhua River was treated by four types of coagulants, ferric chloride(FeCl3), aluminum sulfate(Al2(SO4)3),polyaluminum chloride(PACl) and composite polyaluminum(HPAC), in order to remove dissolved organic matter(DOM). Considering the disinfection byproduct(DBP) precursor treatability, DOM was divided into five chemical fractions based on resin adsorption.Trihalomethane formation potential(THMFP) and haloacetic acid formation potential(HAAFP) were measured for each fraction. The results showed that hydrophobic acids(HoA), hydrophilic matter(HiM) and hydrophobic neutral(HoN) were the dominant fractions.Although both HoN and HoA were the main THM precursors, the contribution for THMFP changed after coagulation. Additionally,HoA and HiM were the main HAA precursors, while the contribution of HoN to HAAFP significantly increased after coagulation.HoM was more easily removed than HiM, no matter which coagulant was used, especially under enhanced coagulation conditions.DOC removal was highest for enhanced coagulation using FeCl3 while DBPFP was lowest using PACl. This could indicate that not all DOC fractions contained the precursors of DBPs. Reduction of THMFP and HAAFP by PACl under enhanced coagulation could reach51% and 59% respectively.     

生物质活性炭原位修复有机物污染底泥技术研究与应用

污染底泥是水体中重要的内源污染,生物质活性炭作为原位修复技术的覆盖材料,正在逐步应用于污染底泥的原位修复.应用椰壳颗粒活性炭与果壳颗粒活性炭对有机物污染底泥进行原位修复,测定2种生物质活性炭的比表面积、孔径分布、表面官能团等理化性质,并应用2种生物质活性炭进行了原位治理污染底泥的实验室静态模拟试验和实地现场试验,在实地现场试验中增加煤基活性炭与2种生物质活性炭进行对比.结果表明:①2种生物质活性炭的表面性质与化学组成相似,但椰壳颗粒活性炭比表面积较大,微孔孔隙结构略微发达,极性基团较少.②实验室静态模拟试验中,2种生物质活性炭对底泥中的PAHs（多环芳烃）、PAEs（酞酸酯）和苯系物（benzenes）3类有机污染物均有很好的稳定化修复效果,投加生物质活性炭10个月后,底泥孔隙水中3类污染物的质量浓度降低93.2%以上;对不同种类有机污染物,孔隙水降低率略有差距,与2种生物质活性炭理化性质的差异有关.③实地现场试验中,2种生物质活性炭和煤基活性炭对3类有机污染物的稳定化修复效果均呈现PAEs > PAHs >苯系物,煤基活性炭的修复效果略高于2种生物质活性炭.研究显示,在10个月的修复时间下,生物质活性炭对有机物污染底泥有明显的修复效果,可使底泥孔隙水中PAHs、PAEs和苯系物类有机污染物质量浓度降低90%以上,并且与煤基活性炭相比,生物质活性炭对环境造成的污染印迹更小.      

标识指数评价法在2014年宁夏沙湖水质评价中的应用研究

利用综合水质标识指数法及单因子水质标识指数法结合起来分析宁夏沙湖2014年具有代表性的项目监测数据,表达了沙湖水体的综合水质信息.结果表明水质单因子指数除溶解氧(DO)和总磷(rP)为Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类水质外,其他三项指标(氨氮、COD、BOD)均超出地表水功能区划的Ⅲ类水质要求,综合水质标识指数全部超过地表水Ⅲ类水质;水质定性评价结果中所有监测断面均受到轻度污染,定量评价结果表明受氨氮、COD、BOD参数影响显著,有机还原性污染物较严重,应引起重视.