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151.
(E)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-ol (geranyl acetol), termed here fuscol, was identified as a male-produced pheromone emitted
by Tetropium fuscum (F.) and Tetropium cinnamopterum Kirby. In field experiments, traps baited with synthetic fuscol alone were not significantly attractive, but the combination
of fuscol plus host volatiles (a synthetic blend of monoterpenes plus ethanol) attracted significantly more male and female
T. fuscum and female T. cinnamopterum than did host volatiles alone. This is the first homoterpenoid alcohol to be described in the Cerambycidae, and the first
pheromone reported from the sub-family Spondylidinae. 相似文献
152.
Settlement decisions in blue tits: difference in the use of social information according to age and individual success 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Dispersers are expected to assess breeding habitat quality before settlement. Although cues reflecting habitat quality are
well studied, social cues have not been as well evaluated. In this paper, we studied breeding habitat selection during 3 years
in a natural population of blue tits, Cyanistes caeruleus, breeding in nest-boxes. Our aim was to investigate if this species used conspecific density and/or reproductive success
of con- and heterospecifics (i.e., social cues) in settlement decisions. The patterns observed were consistent with the idea
that juveniles, when dispersing from their natal patches, did not react to any of the cues that we tested. In contrast, breeders
that dispersed seemed to respond to both conspecific mean patch reproductive success (PRS) and breeding density of the settlement
patch in the year of dispersal, their response differing according to their own reproductive success. Indeed, failed breeders
moved to areas with high PRS and low density relative to source patches, while successful breeders behaved the opposite. The
comparison between juveniles and adults might be modulated by the limited time available to juveniles to gather information
on PRS and density at the end of the dispersing year. Adults lacking these time constraints, however, seemed to rely on these
conspecific cues although limited by their own quality. Additionally, breeders were more likely to be immigrants in patches
with relatively low breeding success and density the previous year, suggesting that settlement is influenced by multiple cues,
which may reveal information on different aspects of habitat and be available at different moments. Collectively, our results
support the importance of social cues for blue tits’ settlement. 相似文献
153.
Although Asia is thought to have played a critical role in the radiation of artiodactyls, the fossil record of stem selenodonts
(“dichobunoids”) remains dramatically poor in tropical Asian regions. In this study, we report a new dichobunid genus and
species Cadutherium kyaukmagyii and a new basal ruminant genus and species Irrawadymeryx pondaungi, from the late Middle Eocene Pondaung Formation, Central Myanmar. Although the scarcity of the present material prevents
any attempts to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of Cadutherium with contemporaneous forms from other Holarctic landmasses, this new form shed new light on the diversity of these small
rabbit-like ungulates during a key period of their evolutionary history. Reexamination of the small-bodied artiodactyls from
Pondaung leads us to propose new identifications of certain published specimens and, in turn, to investigate the temporal
and geographic distribution of taxa recognized in the Pondaung Formation. Although fragmentary, these potential new taxa reveal
an unsuspected diversity of small forms among artiodactyls of Pondaung. This addition to the Eocene record of dichobunoids
and early ruminants provides further insight in the diversity of dental patterns among small artiodactyls from the Pondaung
Formation and attests to the antiquity of these groups in Southeast Asia. 相似文献
154.
Power matters in closing the phenotyping gap 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Meyer CW Elvert R Scherag A Ehrhardt N Gailus-Durner V Fuchs H Schäfer H Hrabé de Angelis M Heldmaier G Klingenspor M 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2007,94(5):401-406
Much of our understanding of physiology and metabolism is derived from investigating mouse mutants and transgenic mice, and
open-access platforms for standardized mouse phenotyping such as the German Mouse Clinic (GMC) are currently viewed as one
powerful tool for identifying novel gene-function relationships. Phenotyping or phenotypic screening involves the comparison of wild-type control mice with their mutant or transgenic littermates. In our study, we explored
the extent to which standardized phenotyping will succeed in detecting biologically relevant phenotypic differences in mice
generated and provided by different collaborators. We analyzed quantitative metabolic data (body mass, energy intake, and
energy metabolized) collected at the GMC under the current workflow, and used them for statistical power considerations. Our
results demonstrate that there is substantial variability in these parameters among lines of wild-type C57BL/6 (B6) mice from
different sources. Given this variable background noise in mice that serve as controls, subtle phenotypes in mutant or transgenic
littermates may be overlooked. Furthermore, a phenotype observed in one cohort of a mutant line may not be reproducible (to
the same extent) in mice coming from a different environment or supplier. In the light of these constraints, we encourage
researchers to incorporate information on intrastrain variability into future study planning, or to perform advanced hierarchical
analyses. Both will ultimately improve the detectability of novel phenotypes by phenotypic screening.
Carola W. Meyer and Ralf Elvert contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
155.
Sasakawa K 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2007,94(5):384-391
The morphological characteristics of sperm and reproductive organs may offer clues as to how reproductive systems have evolved.
In this paper, the morphologies of the sperm and male reproductive organs of carabid beetles in the tribe Pterostichini (Coleoptera:
Carabidae) are described, and the morphological associations among characters are examined. All species form sperm bundles
in which the head of the sperm was embedded in a rod-shaped structure, i.e., spermatodesm. The spermatodesm shape (left-handed
spiral, right-handed spiral, or without conspicuous spiral structure) and the condition of the sperm on the spermatodesm surface
(with the tail free-moving or forming a thin, sheetlike structure) vary among species. In all species, the spiral directions
of the convoluted seminal vesicles and vasa deferentia are the same on both sides of the body; that is, they show an asymmetric
structure. The species in which the sperm bundle and the seminal vesicles both have a spiral structure could be classified
into two types, with significant differences in sperm-bundle length between the two types. The species with a sperm-bundle
spiral and seminal-vesicle spiral of almost the same diameter have longer sperm bundles than the species with a sperm-bundle
spiral and seminal-vesicle tube of almost the same diameter. In the former type, the spiral directions of the sperm bundles
and seminal vesicles are inevitably the same, whereas they differ in some species with the later type. Therefore, increased
sperm bundle length appears to have been facilitated by the concordance of the sperm bundle’s coiling direction with the coiling
direction of the seminal vesicle. 相似文献
156.
Unlike any other foraging phyllostomid bat studied to date, Poey’s flower bats (Phyllonycteris poeyi-Phyllostomidae) emit relatively long (up to 7.2 ms), intense, single-harmonic echolocation calls. These calls are readily
detectable at distances of at least 15 m. Furthermore, the echolocation calls contain only the first harmonic, which is usually
filtered out in the vocal tract of phyllostomids. The foraging echolocation calls of P. poeyi are more like search-phase echolocation calls of sympatric aerial-feeding bats (Molossidae, Vespertilionidae, Mormoopidae).
Intense, long, narrowband, single-harmonic echolocation calls focus acoustic energy maximizing range and favoring detection,
which may be particularly important for cruising bats, like P. poeyi, when flying in the open. Flying in enclosed spaces, P. poeyi emit short, low-intensity, frequency-modulated, multiharmonic echolocation calls typical of other phyllostomids. This is
the first report of a phyllostomid species emitting long, intense, single-harmonic echolocation calls with most energy in
the first harmonic. 相似文献
157.
The fate of Norse farming settlements in southwest Greenland has often been seen as one of the great mysteries of North Atlantic colonization and expansion. Preservation of organic remains in the permafrost of the area of the Western Settlement, inland from the modern capital Nuuk, allowed very detailed study of the phases of occupation. Samples were taken from house floors and middens during the process of archaeological excavations and from insect remains were abstracted and identified in the laboratory. In this study, we present a new paleoecological approach principally examining the fossil fly faunas from house floors. The results of our study provide contrasting detailed pictures of the demise of two neighboring farms, Gården under Sandet and Nipaatsoq, one where abandonment appears as part of a normal process of site selection and desertion, and the other where the end was more traumatic. The level of detail, which was obtained by analysis of the dipterous (true fly) remains, exceeds all previous work and provides insights otherwise unobtainable. 相似文献
158.
Last Glacial mammals in South America: a new scenario from the Tarija Basin (Bolivia) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Coltorti M Abbazzi L Ferretti MP Iacumin P Rios FP Pellegrini M Pieruccini P Rustioni M Tito G Rook L 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2007,94(4):288-299
The chronology, sedimentary history, and paleoecology of the Tarija Basin (Bolivia), one of the richest Pleistocene mammalian
sites in South America, are revised here based on a multidisciplinary study, including stratigraphy, sedimentology, geomorphology,
paleontology, isotope geochemistry, and 14C geochronology. Previous studies have indicated a Middle Pleistocene age for this classic locality. We have been able to
obtain a series of 14C dates encompassing all the fossil-bearing sequences previously studied in the Tarija Basin. The dated layers range in age
from about 44,000 to 21,000 radiocarbon years before present (BP), indicating that the Tarija fauna is much younger than previously
thought. Glacial advances correlated to marine isotopic stages (MIS) 4 and 2 (ca. 62 and 20 ka BP, respectively) are also
documented at the base and at the very top of the Tarija–Padcaya succession, respectively, indicating that the Bolivian Altiplano
was not dry but sustained an ice cap during the Last Glacial Maximum. The results of this multidisciplinary study enable us
to redefine the chronological limits of the Tarija sequence and of its faunal assemblage and to shift this paleontological,
paleoclimatological, and paleoecological framework to the time interval from MIS 4 to MIS 2. 相似文献
159.
Symbiont-induced male-killing phenotypes have been found in a variety of insects. Conventionally, these phenotypes have been
divided into two categories according to the timing of action: early male killing at embryonic stages and late male killing
at late larval stages. In Drosophila species, endosymbiotic bacteria of the genus Spiroplasma have been known to cause early male killing. Here, we report that a spiroplasma strain normally causing early male killing
also induces late male killing depending on the maternal host age: male-specific mortality of larvae and pupae was more frequently
observed in the offspring of young females. As the lowest spiroplasma density and occasional male production were also associated
with newly emerged females, we proposed the density-dependent hypothesis for the expression of early and late male-killing
phenotypes. Our finding suggested that (1) early and late male-killing phenotypes can be caused by the same symbiont and probably
by the same mechanism; (2) late male killing may occur as an attenuated expression of early male killing; (3) expression of
early and late male-killing phenotypes may be dependent on the symbiont density, and thus, could potentially be affected by
the host immunity and regulation; and (4) early male killing and late male killing could be alternative strategies adopted
by microbial reproductive manipulators. 相似文献
160.
A male gift to its partner? Cyanogenic glycosides in the spermatophore of longwing butterflies (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Heliconius</Emphasis>) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Males of several insect species transfer nuptial gifts to females during mating, typically in the form of a protein-rich spermatophore.
In chemically defended species, males could potentially enhance such a gift with chemicals that help protect the female, her
eggs, or both. This was shown for lepidopteran species that accumulate pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Most Heliconius butterflies are presumably protected from predators by virtue of de novo synthesized and/or sequestered cyanogenic glycosides.
Males of Heliconius species are known to transfer nutritional gifts to the females but whether defensive chemicals could also be transferred
is not known. To ascertain whether transfer of cyanogens occurs, we dissected freshly mated females from nine different Heliconius species and analyzed spermatophores for cyanogenic glycosides. We found cyanogens in the spermatophores of all nine species.
This is the first time cyanogenic glycosides are reported in the spermatophores of arthropods. We discuss the implications
of these findings for Heliconius biology and for other cyanogenic insects as well. We suggest that chemically defended species commonly lace their nuptial
gifts with defensive chemicals to improve gift quality. 相似文献