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突发公共事件表现出了强烈的损失发生不确定性,企业或政府单位应主动地认识突发公共事件风险,积极管理突发公共事件风险,有效地控制突发公共事件风险,把突发公共事件风险减至最低的程度,实行突发公共事件全过程风险管理.本文主要介绍了突发公共事件风险管理的主要程序和重要内容. 相似文献
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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate head injuries, injury risks, and corresponding tolerance levels of children in car-to--child pedestrian collisions. METHODS: An in-depth accident analysis was carried out based on 23 accident cases involving child pedestrians. These cases were collected with detailed information about pedestrians, cars, and road environments. All 23 accidents were reconstructed using the MADYMO program with mathematical models of passenger cars and child pedestrians developed at Chalmers University of Technology. The contact properties of the car models were derived from the European New Car Assessment Program (EuroNCAP) subsystem tests. RESULTS: The accident analysis demonstrated that the head was the most frequently and severely injured body part of child pedestrians. Most accidents occurred at impact speeds lower than 40 km/h and 98% of the child pedestrians were impacted from the lateral direction. The initial postures of children at the moment of impact were identified. Nearly half (47%) of the children were running, which was remarkable compared with the situation of adult pedestrians. From accident reconstructions it was found that head impact conditions and injury severities were dependent on the shape and stiffness of the car front, impact velocity, and stature of the child pedestrian. Head injury criteria and corresponding tolerance levels were analyzed and discussed by correlating the calculated injury parameters with the injury outcomes in the accidents. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing head injuries should be set as a priority in the protection of child pedestrians. HIC is an important injury criterion for predicting the risks of head injuries in child pedestrian accidents. The tolerance level of head injuries can have a considerable variation due to individual differences of the child pedestrians. By setting a suitable speed limit and improving the design of car front, the head injury severities of child pedestrians can be reduced. 相似文献
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地表UV-B辐射增强对土壤-冬小麦系统呼吸速率和N2O排放的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过室外盆栽实验,用静态箱-气相色谱法测定土壤-冬小麦系统的呼吸速率和N2O排放通量,研究了UV-B辐射增强20%对土壤-冬小麦系统的呼吸速率和N2O排放的影响.结果表明,相同的气象条件和田间管理下,UV-B辐射增强处理对呼吸速率和N2O排放的季节变化模式无明显影响.在返青期,UV-B辐射增强显著降低了土壤-冬小麦系统的呼吸速率,但对N2O的排放通量没有产生显著影响;在拔节孕穗期,UV-B辐射增强处理显著降低了土壤-冬小麦系统的呼吸速率和N2O的排放通量;在抽穗-成熟期,UV-B辐射增强处理对土壤-冬小麦系统的呼吸速率和N2O的排放没有显著影响.返青-齐穗期,UV-B增强处理显著降低土壤-冬小麦系统的N2O累积排放量;但从齐穗开始至小麦成熟,UV-B增强处理对土壤-冬小麦系统的N2O累积排放量没有显著影响. 相似文献
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土壤中多环芳烃的SPMD辅助解吸行为研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为了开发一种表征土壤中憎水性有机污染物解吸及生物有效性的新方法,建立了半透膜被动采样装置(SPMD)研究土壤中有机污染物解吸行为的方法,利用SPMD分析了多环芳烃菲、芘和苯并[a]芘在3种不同性质土壤中的辅助解吸行为.结果表明,SPMD是一种很好地表征土壤中憎水性有机污染物解吸及生物有效性的手段. SPMD辅助解吸多环芳烃的效率与土壤有机质及多环芳烃性质有关.随着土壤有机质含量的降低,土壤中菲和芘的SPMD解吸率逐渐升高,对于10 mg/kg染毒水平,当土壤有机质含量由18.68%降低到0.3%时,2种化合物的解吸率分别由56.45%和48.28%上升到接近100%;但是对于苯并[a]芘,粘土表现出明显的滞留能力,在有机质含量(0.3%)很低、粘土含量(39.05%)较高的3号土壤中,苯并[a]芘的解吸率仅有66.97%.不同多环芳烃SPMD辅助解吸率差别很大,随着土壤有机质含量的降低,以及污染物浓度的提高,菲和芘的解吸差异逐渐缩小,而苯并[a]芘与上述2种多环芳烃的差异很大,主要是由于苯并[a]芘具有高度亲脂性,并且分子较大,造成其容易滞留在粘土的微孔及有机质的致密结构中. 相似文献
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Historical trends of heavy metal contamination and their sources in lacustrine sediment from Xijiu Lake, Taihu Lake Catchment, China 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn and Hg in Xijiu Lake sediment from the Taihu Lake catchment, China, were analyzed. Their contamination state was investigated based on the geoaccumulation index and enrichment factors. Statistical analysis was used to differentiate the anthropogenic versus natural sources of heavy metals (HMs), and the anthropogenic accumulation fluxes were calculated to quantify anthropogenic contribution to HMs. The results indicated that the lake sediment had been heavily contaminated by Cd, enrichment of Zn and Hg was at a relatively high level, while that of Cu and Pb was in the lower-to-moderate level and Cr was in the low enrichment level. Sources of Cr in the sediment were mainly from natural inputs, while other metals, especially Cd, were predominantly derived from anthropogenic sources. In the past century, anthropogenic accumulation fluxes of Pb, Zn and Hg increased by 0.1-47.3 mg/(cm2.yr), 2.4-398.1 mg/(cm2.yr), and 3.7-110.3 ng/(m2.yr), respectively, accounting for most inputs of HMs entering the sediment. The contamination state of HMs varied with industrial development of the catchment, which demonstrated that contamination started in the early 20th century, reached the maximal level between the mid-1970s and mid-1990s, and decreased a little after the implementation of constraints on high contamination industries, although the contamination of some HMs, such as Cd, Zn and Hg, is still at high levels. 相似文献