Spectrophotometric determination of persulfate by oxidative decolorization of azo dyes for wastewater treatment

Persulfate can efficiently decolorize azo dyes through oxidizing these compounds, which enabled us to develop a method of rapid spectrophotometric determination of persulfate for monitoring the wastewater treatment on the basis of the oxidation decolorization of azo dyes. Four azo dyes with different molecular structures were investigated as probes, and the influences of operation parameters including reaction time, solution pH, initial dye concentration, and initial concentration of activator Fe(2+) were checked on the determination of persulfate. Under optimum conditions, the decolorization degree of the dyes responded linearly with persulfate concentration for all the four azo dyes, and the linear range and detection limit were found to be 2.0-150 μmol L(-1) and 0.62 μmol L(-1) for rhodamine B, 2.0-100 μmol L(-1) and 0.42 μmol L(-1) for methylene blue, 4.0-150 μmol L(-1) and 0.50 μmol L(-1) for methyl violet, and 20-150 μmol L(-1) and 8.1 μmol L(-1) for orange II. A persulfate treatment of a spiked wastewater sample was satisfactorily monitored with the new method.     

不同波段紫外光在TiO2悬浊液中的消光特点

为确定TiO₂催化剂悬浊液对不同波段紫外光的消光规律,本试验以4-CBA-Na为模型污染物,针对催化剂/污染物悬浊液体系在不同催化剂投加量下,对UVA、UVB和UVC波段光子的消光效果进行了测定.结果表明,各悬浮体系对各波段紫外光的消光基本上符合比耳定律,即随着入射光程的增加,光强呈现负指数衰减;紫外光在催化剂悬浊液中的消光系数随催化剂投加量的增大而增加,其增加规律可以用二次多项式表示;污染物溶液本身对UVB和UVC紫外光有吸收,UVB和UVC紫外光在催化剂-污染物悬浮体系中的消光系数可视为污染物与催化剂颗粒的消光系数之叠加.催化剂悬浊液对紫外光的消光系数随紫外光波长的减小而增大,这意味着使用短波长的UVC作为光催化降解光源可以提高能量利用效率.     

能值理论研究中存在的几个问题探讨

能值理论与研究方法是当前生态经济学研究中的一个热点问题.被认为是连接生态学与经济学的桥梁,具有重大的理论和实践意义.尽管能值分析有效的将自然环境的价值纳入了产品的生产,更能真实地揭示产品的真实价值,从而克服了传统能量分析和经济分析的诸多缺陷.但其在理论和研究方法仍存在一些不足之处.综合国内外有关能值理论与研究方法的相关文献,对当前能值理论研究中能值转化率的计算问题、多产品或复合产品系统的能值流计算问题、能值价值论与市场价值论结合问题、能值与可持续发展研究问题等几个方面进行了探讨.     

Enhanced anaerobic fermentation with azo dye as electron acceptor： Simultaneous acceleration of organics decomposition and azo decolorization

Accumulation of hydrogen during anaerobic processes usually results in low decomposition of volatile organic acids（VFAs）. On the other hand, hydrogen is a good electron donor for dye reduction, which would help the acetogenic conversion in keeping low hydrogen concentration. The main objective of the study was to accelerate VFA composition through using azo dye as electron acceptor. The results indicated that the azo dye serving as an electron acceptor could avoid H2 accumulation and accelerate anaerobic digestion of VFAs. After adding the azo dye, propionate decreased from 2400.0 to 689.5 mg/L and acetate production increased from 180.0 to 519.5 mg/L. It meant that the conversion of propionate into acetate was enhanced. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed that the abundance of propionate-utilizing acetogens with the presence of azo dye was greater than that in a reference without azo dye. The experiments via using glucose as the substrate further demonstrated that the VFA decomposition and the chemical oxygen demand（COD） removal increased by 319.7 mg/L and 23.3% respectively after adding the azo dye. Therefore, adding moderate azo dye might be a way to recover anaerobic system from deterioration due to the accumulation of H2 or VFAs.     

分置式膜-生物反应器处理生活污水及其体积负荷的确定

分置式膜－生物反应器处理生活污水的运行结果表明,在不同的污泥龄和水力停留时间下,处理效果稳定,污泥上清液中ＣＯＤ浓度平均为１９．５ｍ ｇ／Ｌ,膜出水ＣＯＤ浓度平均为５．３ｍ ｇ／Ｌ． 对分置式－生物反应器的体积负荷进行推导表明,浓缩区的存在是该工艺处理能力较大的原因． 体积负荷由膜出水有机物浓度与污泥混合液有机物浓度之比α,浓缩区与反应器体积之比β和膜出水量与污泥混合液循环流量之比λ决定,即可以通过增加浓缩区体积和调整循环流量来控制分置式－生物反应器的处理能力．     

A strategy for enhancing anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge: Driving anodic oxidation by adding nitrate into microbial electrolysis cell

Cathodic reduction of CO₂ and anodic oxidation of organic matters are crucial to methane-producing microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) applied in anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge. However, cathodic CO₂ reduction is usually restrained by slow metabolism rates of H₂-utilizing methanogens and low electron-capturing capacity of CO₂, which consequently slows down the anodic oxidation that participates to sludge disintegration. Herein, a strategy with adding nitrate as electron acceptor to foster electronic transfer between the anode and cathode was proposed to improve anodic oxidation. Results showed that the average efficiency of anodic oxidation in the nitrate-added MEC increased by 55.9%. Accordingly, volatile suspended solid removal efficiency in the nitrate-added MEC was 21.9% higher than that of control MEC. Although the initial cumulative methane production in the nitrate-added MEC was lower than that of control MEC, the cumulative methane production in 24?days was 8.9% higher. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that anodic oxidation of MEC with nitrate accelerated the disintegration of sludge flocs and cell walls. Calculation on current signal further revealed that anodic oxidation driven by cathodic nitrate reduction was the main mechanism responsible for the improved sludge digestion.     

序批式移动床生物膜反应器内同步短程硝化反硝化的控制

在序批式移动床生物膜反应器(SBMBBR)内,对进水COD较低的条件下,模拟生活污水的亚硝化及脱氮性能进行了研究.结果表明,缺氧时间、进水COD、NH44 -N浓度、pH值以及溶解氧对亚硝化过程有明显影响.在进水COD为100mg·L-1NH4 4-N浓度为50mg·L-1时,调控溶解氧、pH,出水的亚硝化率可到99.7%,总氮去除率可达66.4%,表明系统中发生了同步短程硝化反硝化.     

Characterisation of acute toxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress posed by textile effluent on zebrafish

Textile industries are important sources of toxic discharges and contribute enormously to water deterioration, while little attention has been paid to the toxicity of textile effluents in discharge regulation. Bioassays with zebrafish were employed to evaluate the toxicity of wastewater samples collected from different stages at a textile factory and sewage treatment plants (STPs). Physico-chemical parameters, acute toxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress biomarkers were analyzed. The wastewater samples from bleaching, rinsing and soaping of the textile factory exhibited high acute toxicity and genotoxicity. The coexisting components of dye compounds, as assistants and oxidants, seemed to cause some effect on the toxic response. After treatment employing the anoxic-oxic (A/O) process in STPs, the color and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) were reduced by 40% and 84%, respectively, falling within the criteria of the Chinese Sewage Discharge Standard. In contrast, increases in acute toxicity and genotoxicity were observed in the anaerobic tank, indicating the formation of toxic intermediates. The genotoxicity of the effluent of the STP was not significantly different from that of the influent, suggesting the wastewater treatment processes were not effective in removing the genotoxicity of the dye wastewater. Results indicated that the effluent contains pro-oxidants since the activities of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total anti-oxidation capacity (T-AOC) were all elevated. In addition, decreases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S transferase (GST) activities observed can be interpreted as a cytotoxicity sign due to an over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results of the present study suggest that the STPs were not capable of reducing the toxicity of wastewater sufficiently. Further treatment is needed to remove the potential risks posed by textile effluent to ecosystems and human health, and employing a toxicity index is necessary for discharge regulation.     

NPP列入生态统计指标体系的潜力分析——以北京地区NPP测算与空间分析为例

通过梳理目前自然资源和生态环境统计指标(简称生态统计指标)定义和使用情况,发现同内统计指标体系的内容框架有待扩展,指标体系哌待标准化.NPP是衡量生态系统对环境气候响应的重要研究指标,可以考虑作为国内生态统计指标体系的有益补充,因而在列入指标体系之前需要在数据来源和模型方面进行统一和验证.以目前最常使用的NPP光能利用率模型进行适用于研究地区的参数改进,利用RS、GIS技术手段,综合MODIS遥感数据、气象数据(每日降水量、每日气温、日照时间)、一些辅助矢量数据等多源信息,计算出北京地区2008年NPP的月度值和全年累计值,目标是为其进入生态指标体系建立一个系统的数据处理规范,以保证NPP统计的一致性、可行性和有效性.结论:从区位统计结果来看,城市核心区和城市功能拓展区NPP的季节性特征变化不明显,而生态涵养发展区的NPP随着时间变化比较大;从地貌统计结果来看,远山区的NPP值大于平原区,也大于半山区.以上结果与温度、降水的季节性变化和耕地的收种时间具有一致性,证明该处理流程可以作为北京地区NPP量化及空间评估的有效手段.表明,NPP的数据来源稳定,测量模型具有可行性和有效性,可以考虑将该指标纳入自然资源和生态环境统计体系.     

Enhanced heterogeneous Fenton-like activity by Cu-doped BiFeO<Subscript>3</Subscript> perovskite for degradation of organic pollutants

Heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction has been extensively investigated to eliminate refractory organic contaminants in wastewater, but it usually shows low catalytic performance due to difficulty in reduction from Fe(III) to Fe(II). In this study, enhanced catalytic efficiency was obtained by employing Cu-doped BiFeO₃ as heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts, which exhibited higher catalytic performance toward the activation of H₂O₂ for phenol degradation than un-doped BiFeO₃. BiFe_0.8Cu_0.2O₃ displayed the best performance, which yielded 91% removal of phenol (10 mg L^–1) in 120 min. The pseudo first-order kinetic rate constant of phenol degradation in BiFe_0.8Cu_0.2O₃ catalyzed heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction was 5 times higher than those of traditional heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts, such as Fe₃O₄ and goethite. The phenol degradation efficiency could still reach 83% after 4 cycles, which implied the good stability of BiFe_0.8Cu_0.2O₃. The high catalytic activity of BiFe_0.8Cu_0.2O₃ was attributed to the fact that the doping Cu into BiFeO₃ could promote the generation of Fe(II) in the catalyst and then facilitate the activation of H₂O₂ to degrade the organic pollutants.

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