厌氧氨氧化菌的生物特性及CANON厌氧氨氧化工艺

厌氧氨氧化(ANaerobicAMMonium OXidation,缩写为ANAMMOX)指的是在缺氧条件下以亚硝酸盐为电子受体将氨氧化为氮气的过程.该过程由一类独特的、被称为"厌氧氨氧化菌"的专性厌氧微生物催化完成.作为细菌域浮霉菌门的成员,厌氧氨氧化菌具有与普通原核细菌显著不同的细胞结构;更重要的是,厌氧氨氧化在氮循环中扮演重要角色,并在污水处理领域显示出良好的应用潜力:厌氧氨氧化联合短程硝化非常适合处理高氨氮低碳废水.在一段式的CANON(Completely Autotrophic Nitrogen removal Over Nitrite)厌氧氨氧化工艺中,好氧氨氧化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌在氧限制的单个反应器内协同去除氨氮,这在节省反应器空间的同时对系统内功能菌群的优化调控提出了更高的要求.本文重点介绍了厌氧氨氧化菌的生物特性以及CANON厌氧氨氧化工艺的最新进展.     

实验室模拟研究硫酸铵和甘氨酸对乙醇醛与胺反应体系生成棕碳的影响

二次有机气溶胶是有机气溶胶的重要组成部分。大气中羰基化合物与胺/铵反应可以产生吸光性有机气溶胶（如棕碳）,对大气辐射和全球气候产生深刻影响。本文模拟研究了大气中硫酸铵和甘氨酸对乙醇醛与胺（如甲胺、甘氨酸）反应生成棕碳的影响。通过对反应溶液紫外—可见吸收光谱和反应动力学分析,发现硫酸铵对反应体系棕碳的生成起抑制作用,而甘氨酸和甲胺的混合可以协同促进棕碳生成;通过对产物进行质谱分析,发现反应机理主要为半缩醛/缩醛反应以及含氮化合物的亲核加成;通过对产物有机碳进行分析,发现当硫酸铵参与反应时,有利于大分子二次有机碳生成。这些发现对棕碳在大气中的形成途径、乙醇醛在化学模型中对棕碳形成的贡献以及对大气中其他羰基行为的预测具有重要意义。     

Short-term effects of excessive anaerobic reaction time on anaerobic metabolism of denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms linked to phosphorus removal and N2O production

The short-term effect of anaerobic reaction time (AnRT) (i.e., 90, 120 and 150 min) on the denitrifying phosphorus (P) removal performance and N₂O production was examined using a denitrifying enhanced biologic phosphorus removal (EBPR) sludge acclimatized with mixed acetate (HAc) and propionate (Pro) (in the molar ratio 3:1) as carbon sources. The results showed that when the AnRT was prolonged from 90 to 150 min, the anaerobic polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthesis was decreased by 15.3%. Moreover, the ineffective PHA consumption occurred in anaerobic phases and contributed to an increased NO ₂ ^? -N accumulation and higher free nitrous acid (FNA) concentrations (?0.001–0.0011 mg HNO₂-N/L) in the subsequent anoxic phases, causing a severe inhibition on anoxic P-uptake and denitrification. Accordingly, the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) removal efficiencies dropped by approximately 6.3% and 85.5%, respectively; and the ratio of anoxic N₂O-N production to TN removal increased by approximately 3.8%. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis revealed that the sludge was mainly dominated by Accumulibacter (62.0% (SE_mean = 1.5%)). In conclusion, the short-term excessive anaerobic reaction time negatively impacted denitrifying P removal performance and stimulated more N₂O production, and its effect on P removal was more obvious than that on nitrogen removal.     

Enzymatic nitrous oxide emissions from wastewater treatment

Nitrous oxide (N₂O), a potent greenhouse gas, is emitted during nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment, significantly contributing to greenhouse effect. Nitrogen removal generally involves nitrification and denitrification catalyzed by specific enzymes. N₂O production and consumption vary considerably in response to specific enzyme-catalyzed nitrogen imbalances, but the mechanisms are not yet completely understood. Studying the regulation of related enzymes’ activity is essential to minimize N₂O emissions during wastewater treatment. This paper aims to review the poorly understood related enzymes that most commonly involved in producing and consuming N₂O in terms of their nature, structure and catalytic mechanisms. The pathways of N₂O emission during wastewater treatment are briefly introduced. The key environmental factors influencing N₂O emission through regulatory enzymes are summarized and the enzyme-based mechanisms are revealed. Several enzymebased techniques for mitigating N₂O emissions directly or indirectly are proposed. Finally, areas for further research on N₂O release during wastewater treatment are discussed.

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城市污水处理厂好氧颗粒污泥的特性

对城市污水处理厂曝气池中筛选出的好氧颗粒污泥进行了分析.结果表明,这些颗粒污泥的直径主要在0.2～0.8 mm范围;平均圆度为1.29;沉淀速率约在10～42 m h-1之间;比耗氧速率(SOUR)为14.2～18.9 mg g-1h-1,小于活性污泥;挥发性物质占总固体的量与活性污泥基本相似.这些颗粒污泥占污泥总量的0.1%～0.5%.颗粒污泥的激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(CLSM)图像显示:颗粒污泥内部几乎都由胞外聚合物(EPS)组成;细菌主要分布在颗粒污泥表面至100μm厚度区域,少部分分布在100～400μm厚度区域.     

Insights into fouling behavior in a novel anammox self-forming dynamic membrane bioreactor by the fluorescence EEM-PARAFAC analysis

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Fouling behavior of the novel anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) self-forming dynamic membrane bioreactor (SFDMBR) was elucidated, which is using...     

污泥过滤过程中滤速影响因素的试验研究

针对生物膜法出水悬浮固体偏高的问题,通过对水处理中慢滤池和滤饼过滤原理的借鉴,将生物滤池引入生物膜反应器,利用游离的活性污泥和部分脱落的生物膜及颗粒滤料组成污泥过滤层进行过滤出水以提高出水水质.在分析污泥滤层的过滤机理及滤速的主要影响因素的基础上,试验研究了滤料粒径、污泥浓度和初滤速对污泥过滤滤速的影响.试验结果表明,在滤料粒径为0 8～2 2mm,污泥浓度不大于1200mg·L-1,初滤速小于2 5m·h-1的情况下,污泥过滤平均滤速可保持在0 3～1 0m·h-1,与SBR法的沉淀、滗水时间持平,且不会产生污泥穿透现象,出水浊度均小于10NTU,具有应用的可行性.污泥主要集中在滤料表层.由于采用慢速表面过滤,滤速相对较小,滤料层中截留的悬浮固体在孔隙中堵塞的强度较弱,采用强度较低的非膨胀反冲洗即可.     

污水有机碳源特征及温度对反硝化聚磷的影响

为考察A2N连续流系统的主导生化反应过程及聚磷污泥的诸多特性,从而为反硝化除磷脱氮新工艺的应用推广提供可供参考的运行控制参数,首次采用A2N系统中的反硝化聚磷污泥(DPB污泥),以生活污水、乙酸以及细胞内碳源作为有机底物,利用批量静态试验展开对比研究结果表明,污水中的挥发性有机物含量越高,厌氧段初始的放磷速率越快,放磷越充分,后续反硝化脱氮和缺氧吸磷效果也将明显提高;而内源反硝化脱氮速率决定于细胞内PHB贮存量,当反硝化聚磷微生物细胞体内的PHB被耗尽,微生物处于极度饥饿状态,内源反硝化速率很低,同时也不发生吸磷反应.试验同时考察分析了2种温度条件--正常温度(25～26℃)和低温(8～10℃)下DPB的反硝化吸磷情况,发现反应系统在低温条件下将减小厌氧放磷和缺氧吸磷的生化反应速率,但并不对反硝化聚磷菌产生完全抑制作用,即低温对系统整体吸磷效果的负面影响不大.     

Experimental study of nitrite accumulation in predenitrification biological nitrogen removal process

The effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on nitrite accumulation was investigated in a pilot-scale pre-denitrification process at room temperature for 100 days. In the first 10 days, due to the instability of the system, the DO concentration fluctuated between 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L. In the next 14 days, the DO concentration was kept at 0.5 mg/L and nitrite accumulation occurred, with the average nitrite accumulation rate at 91%. From the 25th day, the DO concentration was increased to 2.0 mg/L to destroy the nitrite accumulation, but nitrite accumulation rate was still as high as 90%. From the 38th day the nitrite accumulation rate decreased to 15%–30% linearly. From the 50th day, DO concentration was decreased to 0.5 mg/L to resume nitrite accumulation. Until the 83rd day the nitrite accumulation rate began to increase to 80%. Dissolved oxygen was the main cause of nitrite accumulation, taking into account other factors such as pH, free ammonia concentration, temperature, and sludge retention time. Because of the different affinity for oxygen between nitrite oxidizing bacteria and ammonia oxidizing bacteria when DO concentration was kept at 0.5 mg/L, nitrite accumulation occurred.