板坯火焰清理机烟气治理技术

介绍了国产板坯火焰清理机烟气的治理系统及湿式电除尘器的结构和技术特点.结果表明,该烟气治理系统及湿式电除尘器能够满足火焰清理机工况和烟气排放的环保要求,完全可以替代同类进口设备.     

盐度对模拟餐厨垃圾发酵液产聚羟基脂肪酸酯工艺的影响

利用餐厨垃圾发酵液生产聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)可以在废物处理的同时实现有价资源回收。为探究发酵液中盐分对产PHA菌群富集过程的影响,以模拟餐厨垃圾发酵液为底物,研究了盐度存在下污泥理化性质、富集过程主要指标及菌群PHA合成能力等变化。结果表明,未经盐度富集的菌群易受到盐度抑制,在15 g·L⁻¹的盐度条件下,污泥PHA最大合成量可降至39.9%。富集过程中盐度的增加有利于污泥沉降性的提升,低盐度(5 g·L⁻¹)下菌群分泌胞外聚合物量最多,达49.8 mg·g⁻¹(以VSS计),对菌群保护能力最强。不同盐度条件下的富集系统皆能保持较好的生态选择压力,但盐度对微生物生长的抑制随着浓度的增大而增强。经过盐度存在下长期富集后的污泥,在高盐度(10、15 g·L⁻¹)底物条件下,仍能获得较高的PHA最大合成能力,但其较低的生长活性不利于最终PHA产量的提升,短期富集下,高盐度会抑制PHA的合成;而低盐度(5 g·L⁻¹)有助于提高PHA合成能力,最高达50.5%。     

山核桃加工废水的成分测定与分析

对山核桃加工废水和马铃薯培养基(PDA)进行了成分分析,为资源化利用山核桃加工废水提供理论依据。采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸法测定山核桃加工废水和PDA中还原糖的含量,总氮、总磷、悬浮物、浊度、pH及金属元素均采用国家标准中的测定方法进行测定与分析。废水中总糖、总氮和总磷的含量分别为1.79×103、149.00和27.00 mg/L;金属元素钠、钾、铜、铁、镁、锰和锌的含量分别为28.47、225.03、0.048、0.034、18.11、0.82和1.36 mg/L;悬浮物为5.43×102 mg/L,COD高达1.06×104 mg/L,pH为4.44,浊度为109.53 NTU。PDA中总糖、氮和磷含量为2.47×104、445.00和84.3 mg/L,COD为1.09×104 mg/L,pH为7.2,金属元素钠、钾、锌、铜、铁和镁的含量为386.10、575.09、1.02、0.42和25.62 mg/L,几乎不含锰。山核桃加工废水中的总氮、总磷和COD等含量过高,对环境污染严重,不能直接排放;山核桃加工废水和PDA中的营养物质及金属元素种类基本一致,通过添加合适的成分,调整废水中C/N等微生物生长营养要素的比例,山核桃加工废水有望开发成用于实验室常见微生物培养的类似于PDA的半合成培养基。     

剩余污泥混合对絮凝污泥厌氧消化的强化

为了考察絮凝污泥与剩余活性污泥混合中温(35℃)厌氧消化效果,分析了不同混合比例、不同投配率下的总化学需氧量(TCOD)去除率、挥发性固体(VS)降解效果,通过pH值与氨氮浓度的变化来分析各反应器的稳定性。结果表明:污泥混合后消化效果明显得到提高,且污泥消化效率随着投配率的增加先提高后下降。5%投配率时,絮凝污泥/剩余污泥(VS比)为1:2时厌氧消化效果最好,TCOD去除率达到47.8%,VS降解率达到46.8%,分解单位VS产气量达到了435 mL/g,pH值与氨氮浓度分别保持在7.4和269 mg/L左右,混合污泥厌氧消化系统较稳定。这说明与剩余污泥的混合消化能有效提高絮凝污泥的厌氧消化性能。污泥絮体的显微分析表明:厌氧消化过程中絮体面积百分比逐步减小,污泥结构逐步解体,可以解释污泥消化的微观过程。     

磁性Fe3O4/石墨烯纳米复合材料催化降解水中17β-雌二醇

利用化学沉淀法制备磁性四氧化三铁 /石墨烯(Fe3O4 /GE)纳米复合材料,并将其与H2O2构成非均相Fenton体系用于催化降解水中微量的17β-雌二醇(E2),研究了初始pH值,初始H2O2浓度,催化剂用量对E2降解的影响。结果表明,Fe3O4/GE纳米复合材料在无需外加光源的条件下能够有效催化降解E2。在pH 7.0,E2初始浓度为1 mg/L,初始H2O2浓度为15 mmol/L,Fe3O4 /GE投加量为15 mg/L的条件下,反应8 h后可去除92.9%的E2。Fe3O4/GE具有便捷的磁分离特性和稳定的催化活性,经过7次循环使用后对E2的降解效率仍保持在91.5%左右。     

Estimating the variance in before-after studies

Problem

To simplify the computation of the variance in before-after studies, it is generally assumed that the observed crash data for each entity (or observation) are Poisson distributed. Given the characteristics of this distribution, the observed value (x_i) for each entity is implicitly made equal to its variance. However, the variance should be estimated using the conditional properties of this observed value (defined as a random variable), that is, f(x_i|μ_i), since the mean of the observed value is in fact unknown.

Method

Parametric and non-parametric bootstrap methods were investigated to evaluate the conditional assumption using simulated and observed data.

Results

The results of this study show that observed data should not be used as a substitute for the variance, even if the entities are assumed to be Poisson distributed. Consequently, the estimated variance for the parameters under study in traditional before-after studies is likely to be underestimated.

Conclusions

The proposed methods offer more accurate approaches for estimating the variance in before-after studies.     

Effects of leachate accumulation on landfill stability in humid regions of China

Leachate levels are important to landfill stability and safety. High leachate or water levels often lead to landfill instability, which can cause accidents. Here a case study of a landfill located in a humid region of southern China is presented. Leachate distribution and quality were systematically analyzed, and the effect of leachate level on waste-mass stability was assessed. Boreholes were drilled in the field, samples were analyzed in the laboratory, and a simulation was performed. In addition, the safety and stability of the landfill was evaluated. The leachate level in the landfill was 9–19 m, which was higher than the top of the dam crest (8–20 m). Leachate accounted for more than 1/4 of the total landfill storage capacity. The contaminant concentration of the leachate samples collected directly from the waste body was very high, with large variation among the samples. The mean concentrations of NH₃–N, BOD, and COD from the waste body were 5404, 14,136, and 22,691 mg/L, nearly 2.7, 2.4, and 1.8 times the mean concentrations in the leachate pond, respectively. Three series of shear strength parameters were used in a slope stability analysis, and a limit equilibrium method was used to calculate the factor of safety (Fs). The analysis showed that Fs could be affected by potential anisotropy in the shear strength of the waste. The minimum values of Fs corresponding to series I were 1.84 and 1.17 for units ? and II, respectively. The Fs value of unit II was significantly lower than the safe design value (1.25). In addition, Fs decreased with increase in the normalized height of the leachate level, h/H, where h is the height of the leachate mound and H is the maximum thickness of the landfill. If the h/H values of units I and II are kept below 50% and 40%, respectively, a safe design value of 1.25 for Fs can be guaranteed. Therefore, some measures to prevent risk should be considered.     

新型聚硅氯化铁铝絮凝剂的制备及性能

以二甲基二氯硅烷为硅源,与氯化铁、氯化铝聚合制得新型的聚硅氯化铁铝（PSFAC）絮凝剂,考察了制备条件及PSFAC对含油废水和药厂废水的絮凝效果。制备PSFAC的最佳条件：nFc：nAl为0．4,nSi：n（Al＋Fe）为0．1,碱化度为2．0,C（Al,Fe）、为0．1mol／L,熟化时间为1-2d。当PSFAC加入量为10mg／L时,对含油废水、药厂废水的浊度去除率分别为84％和86％。PSFAC具有加入量少、沉降速度快、适用的pH范围较宽等优点。     

Use of Microbial Community to Evaluate Performance of a Wetland System in Treating Pb/Zn Mine Drainage

The performance of a wetland system in treating lead (Pb)/zinc (Zn) mine drainage was evaluated by using the polyurethane foam unit (PFU) microbial community (method), which has been adopted by China as a standardized procedure for monitoring water quality. The wetland system consisted of four cells with three dominant plants: Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis and Paspalum distichum. Physicochemical characteristics [pH, EC, content of total suspended solid (TSS) and metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cu)] and PFU microbial community in water samples had been investigated from seven sampling sites. The results indicated that the concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and TSS in the mine drainage were gradually reduced from the inlet to the outlet of the wetland system and 99%, 98%, 75%, 83%, and 68% of these metals and TSS respectively, had been reduced in concentration after the drainage passed through the wetland system. A total of 105 protozoan species were identified, the number of protozoa species and the diversity index (DI) gradually increased, while the heterotrophic index (HI) gradually decreased from the inlet to the outlet of the wetland system. The results indicated that DI, HI, and total number species of protozoa could be used as biological indicators indicating the improvement of water quality.     

Improving Operational Planning and Management of National Parks in Turkey: A Case Study

The purpose this study was to improve operational planning and management of national parks in Turkey to balance conservation use and sustainable management. Souksu National Park (SNP) was chosen as the study area. The data were obtained from interviews of 182 visitor groups (in total, 819 people) and analyzed using correlation, factor, discriminant, and regression analyses. It was found that the most important factors affecting operational planning and management of SNP are (1) travel cost, (2) visitor welfare level, (3) intensity of use, (4) size of visitor group, (5) type of recreational demand. The main source of visitors to SNP is from a zone within a 0–90-km radius. This region comprised 53.85% of total visitors to the park. The capital of Turkey (Ankara) is the most important source of visitors from within this zone. The optimum activity mix in SNP is also determined. Picnicking, viewing the scenery, and nature walks or trekking comprised the main uses of the park. It is anticipated that these findings will help to improve operational planning and sustainable management of the national park and the environment.