Estimating the effects of meteorology on PM2.5 reduction during the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China

Particulate pollution was a critical challenge to the promise of good air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, which took place from August 8th to 24th. To ensure good air quality for the Games, several temporary emission control measures were implemented in Beijing and surrounding areas. Ambient particulate matter concentration decreased significantly during the Olympic period; however, it is difficult to distinguish the effectiveness of those control measures since meteorology also affects ambient PM_2.5 concentration. In this work, a multiple linear regression model based on continuous field monitoring at a roadside site was conducted to evaluate the effects of meteorology and emission control measures on the reduction of PM_2.5 during the 2008 Olympic Games. The hourly data set was divided into two time periods, the no control period, June 22nd to July 4th, and the control period, July 28th to August 21st. The response variable was PM_2.5 and the meteorology covariates used in the model were hourly temperature, dew point temperature, wind speed and precipitation. Wind direction was not a significant predictor of PM_2.5 levels in either the control or the no control period. Using the meteorologically-based regression coefficients from the two time periods, meteorology was found to contribute to at least a 16% reduction in PM_2.5 levels in the roadside microenvironment; while the pollution control measures contributed to at least a 43% reduction in PM_2.5 levels.     

BAF处理二级污水处理厂出水生物挂膜研究

以二级城市污水处理厂出水为水源,对运行规模为1×104m3/d的曝气生物滤池进行生物挂膜研究。研究结果表明:可根据滤料表面生物相变化判断生物膜是否成熟;氨氮与COD的去除率不宜作为本次研究判断挂膜完成的标志。     

环境浓度下铜锰复合暴露对人角膜上皮细胞的毒性效应

人正常角膜上皮细胞(HCE)经室内环境浓度下的铜(10μmol·L-1)、锰(20、40 μmol·L-1)单独及复合暴露后,采用CCK-8法对细胞活力进行检测,使用Annexin V-FITC/PI试剂盒测定了细胞凋亡率,并通过实时荧光定量PCR法从分子水平比较了不同暴露组炎症(NLRP3,IL-1β)和凋亡调控关键...     

垃圾渗滤液净化物理化学处理方法研究

根据垃圾填埋场渗滤液成分复杂,有机物中氨氮浓度高,COD及BOD值较大,而且含有一定重金属离子的特点,采用物理化学处理方法进行处理.将有机物、重金属化学沉降,同时将滤液中的铵根离子转化为氨气,用鼓气的方法赶出氨气,再用絮凝剂混凝沉降的方法对渗滤波进行处理.经优化条件实验出水后的渗滤液基本达到<生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准>二级排放标准.     

热碱法破解污泥动态实验的条件优化

以城市污水处理厂二沉池污泥为研究对象,利用热碱处理工艺对其进行处理,研究污泥的最佳处理条件,分析静态实验对动态实验的指导作用。结果表明:静态实验处理条件下,污泥热碱处理的最佳初始pH、反应温度、反应时间分别为13、30℃、10 h;在最适条件下,COD溶出率、水相中的蛋白质和多糖浓度依次为61.53%、761.73 mg/L、649.85 mg/L;动态实验最佳反应时间为10 h,在此最佳条件下COD溶出率为75.77%、多糖浓度为842.34 mg/L,蛋白质浓度随着反应时间上下波动,总体破解效果高于静态实验。以上结果表明,污泥静态实验对动态实验具有现实指导作用,热碱联合具有较好的应用前景。     

天津大气扩散条件对污染物垂直分布的影响研究

利用2017~2019年夏、冬季天津市大气污染物监测和气象观测数据,基于天津气象铁塔垂直观测,针对大气垂直扩散条件对PM_2.5和O₃的影响进行研究.结果显示:近地面PM_2.5浓度随高度的升高而下降,O₃浓度则随高度的升高而上升,受大气垂直扩散条件的季节和日变化影响,冬季,地面与120m PM_2.5质量浓度相关明显,与200m PM_2.5质量浓度无明显相关.夏季,120m和200m PM_2.5质量浓度相关系数为0.72,午后通常出现120m和200m PM_2.5质量浓度高于地面的情况.夏季,不同高度O₃浓度差异小于冬季,地面与120m高度O₃浓度接近.以大气稳定度、逆温强度和气温递减率作为大气垂直扩散指标,对地面PM_2.5和O₃垂直分布具有指示作用.冬季,TKE与PM_2.5质量浓度相关系数为到-0.65,夏季,TKE与ΔPM_2.5相关系数为-0.39.夏、冬季TKE与地面O₃浓度的相关系数分别为0.46和0.53,与ΔO₃的相关系数分别为0.73和0.70.弱下沉运动对地面O₃浓度影响较强,40m高度垂直运动速度与地面O₃浓度的相关系数在冬、夏季分别为-0.54和-0.61.对冬季典型PM_2.5重污染过程的分析发现,雾霾的生消维持和PM_2.5浓度的变化与大气稳定度、气温垂直递减率和TKE的变化有直接关系.对夏季典型O3污染过程的分析发现,近地面的O₃污染的形成与有利光化学反应的气象条件密切相关,同时,垂直向下输送和有利垂直扩散条件对O₃污染的形成和爆发影响明显.     

形状任意的超材料电磁隐身波长变换器的设计

目的研究形状任意的超材料电磁隐身波长变换器的设计方法。方法基于坐标变换理论,通过对空间中的不同区域先后进行压缩和扩张变换,设计出该装置不同区域的电磁参数张量。结果一方面,入射波经过该装置时,在其界面不产生散射,并且入射波穿过装置进入外部自由空间时又能恢复其初始传播状态;另一方面,该装置在特定区域改变了电磁波的波长。结论有限元软件的仿真结果显示波长变换器实现了预期的电磁功能,从而验证了该装置电磁参数张量表达式的正确性。     

Improvements on physical conditions of bauxite residue following application of organic materials

Soil formation and ecological rehabilitation is the most promising strategy to eliminate environmental risks of bauxite residue disposal areas. Its poor physical structure is nevertheless a major limitation to plant growth. Organic materials were demonstrated as effective ameliorants to improve the physical conditions of bauxite residue. In this study, three different organic materials including straw (5% W/W), humic acid (5% W/W), and humic acid-acrylamide polymer (0.2% and 0.4%, W/W) were selected to evaluate their effects on physical conditions of bauxite residue pretreated by phosphogypsum following a 120-day incubation experiment. The proportion of 2-1 mm macro-aggregates, mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GWD) increased following organic materials addition, which indicated that organic materials could enhance aggregate stability. Compared with straw, and humic acid, humic acid-acrylamide polymer application had improved effects on the formation of water-stable aggregates in the residues. Furthermore, organic materials increased the total porosity, total pore volume and average pore diameter, and reduced the micropore content according to nitrogen gas adsorption (NA) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) analysis, whilst enhancing water retention of the residues based on water characteristic curves. Compared with traditional organic wastes, humic acid-acrylamide polymer could be regarded as a candidate according to the comprehensive consideration of the additive amount and the effects on physical conditions of bauxite residue. These findings could provide a novel application to both Ca-contained acid solid waste and high-molecular polymers on ecological rehabilitation at disposal areas.     

改性沸石去除工业乳化废水中COD的研究

采用10%HCl浸渍处理后改性沸石处理工业乳化废水。试验结果表明,改性沸石处理工业乳化废水的优化条件为：最佳粒径0.074 mm～0.10 mm,改性沸石与乳化废水的质量比4：100,搅拌时间40 min,静置时间60 min;该优化条件下,改性沸石对工业乳化废水的COD去除率达83%～85%,效果优于聚铁。     

兰州市PM_(10)污染变化特征及其成因分析

利用2001年1月～2007年12月兰州市空气质量日报数据,结合时间尺度分离法,分析研究了兰州市PM10污染的年、季变化特征、年变化趋势及其成因.结果表明,2001年以来兰州市PM10污染有所减轻,年日均PM10浓度由2001年的236μg.m-3下降为2007年的127μg.m-3,空气质量为优、良的天数增加了1.3倍,但年平均PM10浓度仍超过国家二级标准,超标率为25%;PM10污染存在明显的季节变化,冬半年的11月、12月和1～4月PM10浓度较高,月平均最大值和次大值分别出现在12月(271μg.m-3)和3月(245μg.m-3),5～10月PM10浓度较低,基本维持在150μg.m-3以下;61.2%的中度污染和50.6%的重度污染发生在冬季,67.4%的优良天数出现在夏季和秋季;2001～2007年,兰州市PM10浓度每年下降12.6%与兰州市烟、粉尘年排放量变化趋势一致;由于沙尘、浮尘天气造成的自然尘排放量的年际变化对PM10浓度年际变化趋势的贡献约为21%,而局地气象条件的扰动对PM10浓度年际变化的影响很小.近年来兰州市PM10污染状况的改善主要是由本地污染物排放量的减少造成的,同时也受沙尘、浮尘天气年际变化的影响,要长期有效地改善兰州市大气环境质量,不仅要制定科学合理的本地减排措施,还应考虑周围生态环境的改善.