微波辅助白腐真菌煤炭脱硫试验研究

将微波技术与生物技术相结合用于煤炭脱硫,采用微波功率1 000 W、辐照时间80 s对煤样进行辐照处理后,考察了初始pH值、煤粉粒径和煤浆浓度对微波辅助白腐真菌脱硫效果的影响,以及脱硫过程中硫化物的转化规律。研究结果表明,微波辐照作用能够缩短脱硫周期,提高有机硫的脱除率。在初始pH值为4.5,煤粉粒径为80～120目,煤浆浓度为10%,浸出时间为3 d的条件下,煤中的全硫、无机硫和有机硫脱除率分别达到52.06%、51.61%和54.22%。     

Total versus urban: Well-to-wheels assessment of criteria pollutant emissions from various vehicle/fuel systems

The potential impact on the environment of alternative vehicle/fuel systems needs to be evaluated, especially with respect to human health effects resulting from air pollution. We used the Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) model to examine the well-to-wheels (WTW) emissions of five criteria pollutants (VOCs, NO_x, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and CO) for nine vehicle/fuel systems: (1) conventional gasoline vehicles; (2) conventional diesel vehicles; (3) ethanol (E85) flexible-fuel vehicles (FFVs) fueled with corn-based ethanol; (4) E85 FFVs fueled with switchgrass-based ethanol; (5) gasoline hybrid vehicles (HEVs); (6) diesel HEVs; (7) electric vehicles (EVs) charged using the average U.S. generation mix; (8) EVs charged using the California generation mix; and (9) hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). Pollutant emissions were separated into total and urban emissions to differentiate the locations of emissions, and emissions were presented by sources. The results show that WTW emissions of the vehicle/fuel systems differ significantly, in terms of not only the amounts but also with respect to locations and sources, both of which are important in evaluating alternative vehicle/fuel systems. E85 FFVs increase total emissions but reduce urban emissions by up to 30% because the majority of emissions are released from farming equipment, fertilizer manufacture, and ethanol plants, all of which are located in rural areas. HEVs reduce both total and urban emissions because of the improved fuel economy and lower emissions. While EVs significantly reduce total emissions of VOCs and CO by more than 90%, they increase total emissions of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 by 35–325%. However, EVs can reduce urban PM emissions by more than 40%. FCVs reduce VOCs, CO, and NO_x emissions, but they increase both total and urban PM emissions because of the high process emissions that occur during hydrogen production. This study emphasizes the importance of specifying a thorough life-cycle emissions inventory that can account for both the locations and sources of the emissions to assist in achieving a fair comparison of alternative vehicle/fuel options in terms of their environmental impacts.     

基于地理信息系统的油气管道安全管理研究

在石油油气输出的过程中,可能遇到管道穿孔爆裂、管道水灾冲断等突发事故。为了能保证油气管道的安全运营,减少事故发生后的损失,提出基于GIS建立准确、实时、有效的油气管道安全管理系统。系统以B／S和C／S模式相结合方式运行,充分利用GIS的快速定位和空间分析功能,实现了基础管道数据管理,二维模拟预警监控,气体扩散范围分析,启动决策系统实施救援计划等功能。开发实例表明,基于GIS的油气管道安全管理系统为石油行业管理人员提供更深层次的信息安全,使安全管理更及时到位,同时为加强监督检查提供了重要的依据。     

中国低碳试点城市的碳排放现状

本文以国家发展和改革委员会公布的两批低碳试点城市(共36个)为研究对象,基于其2005-2011年间的单位GDP的CO2排放和人均CO2排放数据总结其碳排放水平,从区域分布、经济水平和人口规模三个方面分析了全国范围内低碳试点城市的碳排放现状。通过"十一五"期间碳减排成效和"十二五"期间碳减排目标两个方面分析了低碳试点城市的碳排放现状,并推测了低碳试点城市2015年的碳排放水平。研究显示,"十一五"期间低碳试点城市单位GDP的CO2排放和人均CO2排放均高于全国平均水平。2011年低碳试点城市单位GDP的CO2排放和人均CO2排放均高于各城市所在省份的平均水平。低碳试点城市单位GDP的CO2排放平均水平从东部到西部逐渐升高。人均收入高于全国平均水平的低碳试点城市中92%的城市的人均CO2排放高于全国水平。而随着城市常住人口规模的扩大,试点城市单位GDP的CO2排放逐渐降低,人均CO2排放却随着城市常住人口规模的扩大呈U型分布,其中大型城市的人均CO2排放水平最低。同时通过与同类地区对比分析,研究表明试点城市的低碳工作成效和减碳目标普遍优于同类地区。除直辖市外,32个低碳试点城市中28个城市2010-2011年单位GDP的CO2排放下降幅度和2015年单位GDP的CO2排放节能目标高于所在省份。在城镇化速度继续增加和经济总量保持上升的趋势下,到2015年低碳试点城市单位GDP的CO2排放虽然下降,但人均CO2水平仍呈上升趋势。我国的低碳试点城市建设任重道远。     

北京东郊污水与清水灌区土壤中重金属含量的比较研究

运用遥感影像对北京东郊的凤港减河、北运河、潮白河并行区进行实地调查,在污水灌区、清污混合灌区、清水灌区采集土壤样品,比较分析了不同类型灌区土壤中重金属含量的分布特征.结果表明,与研究区土壤背景值相比,在污水灌区、清污混合灌区、清水灌区的表土层和心土层中重金属元素Co、Ni、Mn和V没有出现明显积累现象;污水灌区和清污混合灌区表土层中重金属元素Cr、Cu和Zn具有明显的积累现象.污水灌区表土层中Cr平均质量比达84.20 mg/kg、Cu平均质量比达25.67 mg/kg、Zn平均质量比达105.20 mg/kg,均高于清水灌区表土层中对应元素的平均质量比,也均高于污水灌区心土层中对应元素的平均质量比,这可能是由于研究区的碱性土壤、土壤中CaCO3和有机质对这些重金属具有一定的吸附和固结作用,从而降低了这些重金属元素的活性.潮白河沉积物中Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、V和Zn质量比平均值分别达到19.07 mg/kg、67.19 mg/kg、 20.81 mg/kg、610.64 mg/kg、26.84 mg/kg、84.97 mg/kg、112.37 mg/kg,均与研究区土壤背景值相当;北运河及凤港减河沉积物中Co、Mn、Ni和V质量比平均值分别为18.70 mg/kg、628.47 mg/kg、52.00 mg/kg、69.67 mg/kg,也均与研究区土壤背景值相当;而北运河及凤港减河沉积物中Cr、Cu、Zn平均质量比分别为160.96 mg/kg、184.57 mg/kg、533.48 mg/kg,均明显地高于研究区土壤背景值,这表明引用北运河和凤港减河的污水灌溉是造成土壤中Cr、Cu、Zn质量比增高的主要原因.     

Utilization of washed MSWI fly ash as partial cement substitute with the addition of dithiocarbamic chelate

The management of the big amount of fly ash as hazardous waste from the municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) has encountered many problems in China. In this study, a feasibility research on MSWI fly ash utilization as partial cement substitute in cement mortars was therefore carried out. MSWI fly ash was subjected to washing process to reduce its chlorine content (from 10.16% to 1.28%). Consequently, it was used in cement mortars. Ten percent and 20% replacement of cement by washed ash showed acceptable strength properties. In TCLP and 180-day monolithic tests, the mortars with washed ash presented a little stronger heavy metal leachability, but this fell to the blank level (mortar without washed ash) with the addition of 0.25% chelate. Therefore, this method is proposed as an environment-friendly technology to achieve a satisfactory solution for MSWI fly ash management.     

氚靶制备现场氚的辐射防护

氚靶制备过程中氚的辐射防护是整项工作能否顺利完成的关键之一,本文以一次氚靶制备为例,报道了氚靶制备现场氚的辐射防护。结果表明：在氚靶制备过程中,充氚手套箱、操作间和排放烟囱内的氚浓度均未达到操作现场设定的氚的管理值,本次制靶过程中外排氚量为6．78×10^9Bq;制靶期间操作间地面和工作台、仪表上氚表面污染最大值分别为23．20Bq／cm^2、1．85Bq／cm^2、11．53Bq／cm^2,均远低于GB18871—2002中规定的控制区表面放射性物质污染控制水平值;剂量监测间地面氚表面污染最大值为8．92Bq／cm^2,低于国家标准中对监督区表面氚污染的控制限值;操作人员休息间、剂量监测控制间和走廊地面氚表面污染最大值分别为15．28Bq／cm^2、3．35Bq／cm^2、14．05Bq／cm^2,低于国标中对非限制区表面氚污染的控制水平;本次充氚活动中现场工作人员所受的剂量在国家标准值以下,对公众造成的附加剂量远低于GB18871—2002中规定的限值。     

采油废水处理技术的应用及研究进展

文章介绍了石油开采过程中产生的采油废水常用的处理方法。结合处理技术在我国部分油田的应用实例,探讨了采油废水处理技术的研究进展。     

成都市推进城乡一体化的主要做法与启示

成都市在大力推进城乡一体化、建设社会主义新农村方面做了积极的探索,取得了成就和经验.在调查研究的基础上,概述了成都市推进城乡一体化的主要做法,探讨了它对我国城乡统筹的启示.