全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4846篇 |
免费 | 38篇 |
国内免费 | 60篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 101篇 |
废物处理 | 156篇 |
环保管理 | 660篇 |
综合类 | 1107篇 |
基础理论 | 1049篇 |
环境理论 | 4篇 |
污染及防治 | 1125篇 |
评价与监测 | 329篇 |
社会与环境 | 396篇 |
灾害及防治 | 17篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 28篇 |
2022年 | 51篇 |
2021年 | 81篇 |
2020年 | 43篇 |
2019年 | 42篇 |
2018年 | 78篇 |
2017年 | 74篇 |
2016年 | 112篇 |
2015年 | 77篇 |
2014年 | 138篇 |
2013年 | 406篇 |
2012年 | 141篇 |
2011年 | 216篇 |
2010年 | 150篇 |
2009年 | 199篇 |
2008年 | 200篇 |
2007年 | 216篇 |
2006年 | 180篇 |
2005年 | 155篇 |
2004年 | 146篇 |
2003年 | 159篇 |
2002年 | 145篇 |
2001年 | 146篇 |
2000年 | 106篇 |
1999年 | 82篇 |
1998年 | 45篇 |
1997年 | 53篇 |
1996年 | 35篇 |
1995年 | 65篇 |
1994年 | 45篇 |
1993年 | 51篇 |
1992年 | 42篇 |
1991年 | 40篇 |
1990年 | 58篇 |
1989年 | 44篇 |
1988年 | 35篇 |
1987年 | 38篇 |
1986年 | 25篇 |
1985年 | 46篇 |
1984年 | 31篇 |
1983年 | 44篇 |
1982年 | 32篇 |
1981年 | 48篇 |
1980年 | 35篇 |
1979年 | 32篇 |
1978年 | 25篇 |
1977年 | 26篇 |
1976年 | 28篇 |
1975年 | 26篇 |
1965年 | 23篇 |
排序方式: 共有4944条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
311.
Kaivosoja T Virén A Tissari J Ruuskanen J Tarhanen J Sippula O Jokiniemi J 《Chemosphere》2012,86(3):278-285
Temporal variations in concentrations of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and sulfonic acids (PFSAs), including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) structural isomers, were examined in livers of pilot whale (Globicephala melas), ringed seal (Phoca hisida), minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) and in muscle tissue of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus). The sampling spanned over 20 years (1984-2009) and covered a large geographical area of the North Atlantic and West Greenland. Liver and muscle samples were homogenized, extracted with acetonitrile, cleaned up using hexane and solid phase extraction (SPE), and analyzed by liquid chromatography with negative electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In general, the levels of the long-chained PFCAs (C9-C12) increased whereas the levels of PFOS remained steady over the studied period. The PFOS isomer pattern in pilot whale liver was relatively constant over the sampling years. However, in ringed seals there seemed to be a decrease in linear PFOS (L-PFOS) with time, going from 91% in 1984 to 83% in 2006. 相似文献
312.
Identification of relevant micropollutants in Austrian municipal wastewater and their behaviour during wastewater treatment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Clara M Windhofer G Weilgony P Gans O Denner M Chovanec A Zessner M 《Chemosphere》2012,87(11):1265-1272
The European Union has defined environmental quality standards (EQSs) for surface waters for priority substances and several other pollutants. Furthermore national EQSs for several chemicals are valid in Austria. The study investigated the occurrence of these compounds in municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents. In a first screening of 15 WWTPs relevant substances were identified, which subsequently were monitored in 9 WWTPs over 1 year (every 2 months). Out of 77 substances or groups of substances (including more than 90 substances) 13 were identified as potentially relevant in respect to water pollution and subjected to the monitoring, whereas most other compounds were detected in concentrations far below the respective EQS for surface waters and therefore not further considered. The preselected 13 compounds for monitoring were cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), diuron, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), di(ethyl-hydroxyl)phthalate (DEHP), tributyltin compounds (TBT), nonylphenoles (NP), adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) and the complexing agents ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as well as nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA). In the effluents of WWTPs the concentrations of the priority substances Cd, NP, TBT and diuron frequently exceeded the respective EQS, whereas the concentrations for DEHP and Ni were below the respective EQS. The effluent concentrations for AOX, EDTA, NTA, Cu, Se and Zn frequently are in the range or above the Austrian EQS for surface waters. Besides diuron and EDTA all compounds are removed at least partially during wastewater treatment and for most substances the removal via the excess sludge is the major removal pathway. For the 13 compounds which were monitored in WWTP effluents population equivalent specific discharges were calculated. Since for many compounds no or only few information is available, these population equivalent specific discharges can be used to assess emissions from municipal WWTPs to surface waters as well as to make a first assessment of the impact of a discharge on surface waters chemical status. Comparing discharges and river pollution on a load basis, the influence of diffuse sources becomes obvious and therefore should also be taken into consideration in river management. 相似文献
313.
Manaca MN Grimalt JO Gari M Sacarlal J Sunyer J Gonzalez R Dobaño C Menendez C Alonso PL 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(3):756-762
Introduction
We report on the analysis of 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (4,4′-DDT) and its metabolites in thatch and branch samples constituting the wall materials of dwellings from South African subtropical areas. This approach was used to assess the exposure to DDT in the residents of the dwellings after indoor residual spraying (IRS) following recommended sanitation practices against malaria vectors. 相似文献314.
315.
Adu-Kumi S Kareš R Literák J Borůvková J Yeboah PO Carboo D Akoto O Darko G Osae S Klánová J 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(6):1963-1970
Urban, suburban and rural background air samples were collected in southern Ghana in 2008 employing polyurethane foam disc passive air samplers (PAS). PAS were analysed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), namely hexachlorocyclohexanes (α-, β-, γ- and δ-hexachlorocyclohexane), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane including metabolites (o,p'- and p,p'-DDT, DDE and DDD), hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, aldrin, dieldrin, endrins (endrin, endrin aldehyde and endrin ketone), isodrin, heptachlors (heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide A and heptachlor epoxide B), chlordanes (α-, β-chlordane, oxychlordane and trans-nonachlor), endosulfans (α- and β-endosulfan and endosulfan sulphate), methoxychlor and mirex using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. The levels of OCPs ranged for the individual pesticides from below limit of quantification to 750 pg m(-3) (for α-endosulfan), and current agricultural application seemed to be the main primary source of most abundant pesticides. Re-volatilization of previously used pesticides from contaminated soils could not be ruled out either as potential secondary source of contamination, especially in warm and dry seasons and periods of intensive agricultural activities. Higher atmospheric concentrations were observed in November and December during the dry season compared to lower concentrations observed in June, July and August when the country experiences heavy rains. The highest seasonal variation was observed for currently used pesticides as α-endosulfan. A p,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDE ratio suggested recent inputs of fresh technical DDT. 相似文献
316.
Barend L. van Drooge Jordi F. Lopez Joan O. Grimalt 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(9):4159-4167
The urban air quality in Barcelona in the Western Mediterranean Basin is characterized by overall high particulate matter (PM) concentrations, due to intensive local anthropogenic emissions and specific meteorological conditions. Moreover, on several days, especially in summer, natural PM sources, such as long-range transported Saharan dust from Northern Africa or wildfires on the Iberian Peninsula and around the Mediterranean Basin, may influence the levels and composition of the organic aerosol. In the second half of July 2009, daily collected PM10 filter samples in an urban background site in Barcelona were analyzed on organic tracer compounds representing several emission sources. During this period, an important PM peak event was observed. Individual organic compound concentrations increased two to five times during this event. Although highest increase was observed for the organic tracer of biomass burning, the contribution to the organic aerosol was estimated to be around 6?%. Organic tracers that could be related to Saharan dust showed no correlation with the PM and OC levels, while this was the case for those related to fossil fuel combustion from traffic emissions. Moreover, a change in the meteorological conditions gave way to an overall increase of the urban background contamination. Long-range atmospheric transport of organic compounds from primary emissions sources (i.e., wildfires and Saharan dust) has a relatively moderate impact on the organic aerosol in an urban area where the local emissions are dominating. 相似文献
317.
S. O. Asagba G. E. Eriyamremu J. O. T. Emudainohwo I. Okoro 《The Environmentalist》2010,30(3):260-266
The activities of some oxidative enzymes (aldehyde oxidase, AO, EC 1.2.3.1; xanthine oxidase, XO, EC 1.17.3.2; sulphite oxidase,
SO, EC 1.8.3.1; and monoamine oxidase, MO, EC 1.4.3.4) were investigated in the liver, gill, kidney, brain and muscle of a
variety of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) after 7 and 21 days of exposure to 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 ppm cadmium (Cd) in ambient water. MO, SO and AO activities were significantly
(p < 0.05) decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the liver, kidney and gill in the 7-day Cd-exposed fish when compared to
control. Conversely, brain MO, AO and SO activities were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated in a dose-dependent manner in the same fishes relative to control. As in the 7-day Cd-exposed fish, the
activities of MO, AO and SO were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the gill, kidney and liver of catfish exposed for 21 days. Same is true for
XO in these organs after both duration of exposure, except in the liver where no significant change was observed relative
to control. The inhibition of these oxidative enzymes in the liver, gill and kidney of catfish may interfere with their biotransformation
function, and ultimately the survival of the fish may be compromised. 相似文献
318.
James W. Rivers Philip S. Gipson Donald P. Althoff Jeffrey S. Pontius 《Environmental management》2010,45(2):203-216
Military training activities are known to impact individual species, yet our understanding of how such activities influence
animal communities is limited. In this study, we used long-term data in a case study approach to examine the extent to which
the local small landbird community differed between a site in northeast Kansas that experienced intensive disturbance from
military training activities (Ft. Riley Military Installation) and a similar, nearby site that experienced minimal human disturbance
(Konza Prairie Biological Station). In addition, we characterized how the regional pool of potential colonizers influenced
local community dynamics using Breeding Bird Survey data. From 1991 to 2001, most species of small terrestrial landbirds (73%)
recorded during breeding surveys were found at both sites and the mean annual richness at Ft. Riley (39.0 ± 2.86 [SD]) was
very similar to that of Konza Prairie (39.4 ± 2.01). Richness was maintained at relatively constant levels despite compositional
changes because colonizations compensated local extinctions at both sites. These dynamics were driven primarily by woodland
species that exhibited stochastic losses and gains and were present at a low local and regional abundance. Our results suggest
that military training activities may mimic natural disturbances for some species in this area because the small landbird
community did not differ markedly between sites with and sites without extensive human disturbance. Although our results suggest
that military training is not associated with large changes in the avian community, additional studies are needed to determine
if this pattern is found in other ecological communities. 相似文献
319.
Michael J. White Daniel E. Storm Philip Busteed Scott Stoodley Shannon J. Phillips 《Environmental management》2010,45(5):1164-1174
In the United States, many state and federally funded conservation programs are required to quantify the water quality benefits
resulting from their efforts. The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of conservation practices subsidized
by the Oklahoma Conservation Commission on phosphorus and sediment loads to Lake Wister. Conservation practices designed to
increase vegetative cover in grazed pastures were evaluated using Landsat imagery and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT).
Several vegetative indices were derived from Landsat imagery captured before and after the implementation of conservation
practices. Collectively, these indicators provided an estimate of the change in vegetative soil cover attributable to conservation
practices in treated fields. Field characteristics, management, and changes in vegetative cover were used in the SWAT model
to simulate sediment and phosphorus losses before and after practice implementation. Overall, these conservation practices
yielded a 1.9% improvement in vegetative cover and a predicted sediment load reduction of 3.5%. Changes in phosphorus load
ranged from a 1.0% improvement to a 3.5% increase, depending upon initial vegetative conditions. The use of fertilizers containing
phosphorus as a conservation practice in low-productivity pastures was predicted by SWAT to increase net phosphorus losses
despite any improvement in vegetative cover. This combination of vegetative cover analysis and hydrologic simulation was a
useful tool for evaluating the effects of conservation practices at the basin scale and may provide guidance for the selection
of conservation measures subsidized in future conservation programs. 相似文献
320.
John R. Dymond Tim J. A. Davie Andrew D. Fenemor Jagath C. Ekanayake Ben R. Knight Anthony O. Cole Oscar Montes de Oca Munguia Will J. Allen Roger G. Young Les R. Basher Marc Dresser Chris J. Batstone 《Environmental management》2010,46(3):484-493
Can we develop land use policy that balances the conflicting views of stakeholders in a catchment while moving toward long term sustainability? Adaptive management provides a strategy for this whereby measures of catchment performance are compared against performance goals in order to progressively improve policy. However, the feedback loop of adaptive management is often slow and irreversible impacts may result before policy has been adapted. In contrast, integrated modelling of future land use policy provides rapid feedback and potentially improves the chance of avoiding unwanted collapse events. Replacing measures of catchment performance with modelled catchment performance has usually required the dynamic linking of many models, both biophysical and socio-economic—and this requires much effort in software development. As an alternative, we propose the use of variable environmental intensity (defined as the ratio of environmental impact over economic output) in a loose coupling of models to provide a sufficient level of integration while avoiding significant effort required for software development. This model construct was applied to the Motueka Catchment of New Zealand where several biophysical (riverine water quantity, sediment, E. coli faecal bacteria, trout numbers, nitrogen transport, marine productivity) models, a socio-economic (gross output, gross margin, job numbers) model, and an agent-based model were linked. An extreme set of land use scenarios (historic, present, and intensive) were applied to this modelling framework. Results suggest that the catchment is presently in a near optimal land use configuration that is unlikely to benefit from further intensification. This would quickly put stress on water quantity (at low flow) and water quality (E. coli). To date, this model evaluation is based on a theoretical test that explores the logical implications of intensification at an unlikely extreme in order to assess the implications of likely growth trajectories from present use. While this has largely been a desktop exercise, it would also be possible to use this framework to model and explore the biophysical and economic impacts of individual or collective catchment visions. We are currently investigating the use of the model in this type of application. 相似文献