Performance and fouling mechanism of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) treating fermentation wastewater with high organic concentrations

In this study,direct contact membrane distillation(DCMD)was used for treating fermentation wastewater with high organic concentrations.DCMD performance characteristics including permeate flux,permeate water quality as well as membrane fouling were investigated systematically.Experimental results showed that,after 12 hr DCMD,the feed wastewater was concentrated by about a factor of 3.7 on a volumetric basis,with the permeate flux decreasing from the initial 8.7 L/m~2/hr to the final 4.3 L/m~2/hr due to membrane fouling;the protein concentration in the feed wastewater was increased by about 3.5 times and achieved a value of 6178 mg/L,which is suitable for reutilization.Although COD and TOC in permeate water increased continuously due to the transfer of volatile components from wastewater,organic rejection of over 95%was achieved in wastewater.GC–MS results suggested that the fermentation wastewater contained 128kinds of organics,in which 14 organics dominated.After 12 hr DCMD,not only volatile organics including trimethyl pyrazine,2-acetyl pyrrole,phenethyl alcohol and phenylacetic acid,but also non-volatile dibutyl phthalate was detected in permeate water due to membrane wetting.FT-IR and SEM–EDS results indicated that the deposits formed on the membrane inner surface mainly consisted of Ca,Mg,and amine,carboxylic acid and aromatic groups.The fouled membrane could be recovered,as most of the deposits could be removed using a HCl/Na OH chemical cleaning method.     

甘肃亚高山云杉人工林土壤特性及水源涵养功能对林分密度的响应特征

定量分析不同密度云杉（Picea asperata）人工林的土壤特性及水源涵养功能,为人工林可持续经营提供理论依据。以28块7种不同密度梯度的云杉人工幼龄林为研究对象,采用样地调查及取样分析方法,测定土壤理化性质、枯落物持水量以及林地贮水性能等。结果表明：1）林分密度对云杉人工林的土壤容重、孔隙度、有机质含量、土壤持水量、枯落物蓄积量和持水量都具有显著影响,随着林分密度的增加,土壤孔隙度、土壤养分、枯落物蓄积量、枯落物持水量、土壤持水量表现为先增加后减小,而土壤容重则表现为先减小后增加。密度为1 550 株/hm²时林分土壤容重最小（1.09 g/cm³）,总孔隙度较大（58.99%）,有机质含量最高（9.12%）,枯落物总蓄积量最多（44.41 t/hm²）,最大持水量较高（166.67 t/hm²）,是密度为3 000 株/hm²林分的4.49倍,土壤持水性能较好（3 898.93 t/hm²）。2）根据林地总贮水量评价的涵养水源功能依次为林分密度1 550 株/hm²（4 068.36 t/hm²）>密度1 750 株/hm²（3 945.32 t/hm²）>密度1 350株/hm²（3 698.39 t/hm²）>密度1 060 株/hm²（3 484.10 t/hm²）>密度2 300 株/hm²（3 157.60 t/hm²）>密度850 株/hm²（2 915.03 t/hm²）>密度3 000 株/hm²（2 820.81 t/hm²）。3）在该研究的林分密度范围内,密度为1 550 株/hm²时林分的土壤特性及水源涵养功能最佳。     

Are current Chinese national ambient air quality standards on 24-hour averages for particulate matter sufficient to protect public health?

With rapid economic development and urbanization in recent decades, China has experienced the worsening of ambient air quality. For better air quality management to protect human health, Chinese government revised national ambient air quality standards(NAAQS) for particulate matter(PM) in 2012(GB3095-2012). To assess the effectiveness of current NAAQS for PM on public health in Chinese population, we conducted a metaanalysis on published studies examining the mortality risk of short-term exposure to PM with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 and 2.5 μm(PM_(10) and PM_(2.5)) in China. The reported24-hour concentrations of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) in studies ranged from 43.5 to 150.1 μg/m~3 and 37.5 to 176.7 μg/m~3. In the pooled excess, mortality risk estimates of short-term exposure to PM.In specific, per 10 μg/m~3 increase in PM_(10), we observed increases of 0.40%(95%CI: 0.33%,0.47%), 0.57%(95%CI: 0.44%, 0.70%) and 0.49%(95%CI: 0.40%, 0.58%) in total, respiratory and cardiovascular mortality, per 10 μg/m~3 increase in PM_(2.5), we observed increases of 0.51%(95%CI: 0.38%, 0.63%), 0.62%(95%CI: 0.52%, 0.73%) and 0.75%(95%CI: 0.54%, 0.95%) in total,respiratory and cardiovascular mortality. Finally, we derived 125 μg/m~3 for PM_(10) and 62.5 μg/m~3 for PM_(2.5) as 24-hour recommendation values based on the pooled estimates. Our results indicated that current Chinese NAAQS for PM could be sufficient in mitigating the excess mortality risk from short-term exposure to ambient PM. However, future research on longterm exposure cohort studies in Chinese population is also essential in revising annual averages for PM in Chinese NAAQS.     

Behaviors and kinetics of toluene adsorption‐desorption on activated carbons with varying pore structure

This work was undertaken to investigate the behaviors and kinetics of toluene adsorption and desorption on activated carbons with varying pore structure. Five kinds of activated carbon from different raw materials were selected. Adsorption isotherms and breakthrough curves for toluene were measured. Langmuir and Freundlich equations were fitted to the equilibrium data, and the Freundlich equation was more suitable for simulating toluene adsorption. The process consisted of monolayer, multilayer and partial active site adsorption types. The effect of the pore structure of the activated carbons on toluene adsorption capacity was investigated. The quasi-first-order model was more suitable for describing the process than the quasi-second-order model. The adsorption data was also modeled by the internal particle diffusion model and it was found that the adsorption process could be divided into three stages. In the external surface adsorption process, the rate depended on the specific surface area. During the particle diffusion stage, pore structure and volume were the main factors affecting adsorption rate. In the final equilibrium stage, the rate was determined by the ratio of meso-and macro-pores to total pore volume. The rate over the whole adsorption process was dominated by the toluene concentration. The desorption behavior of toluene on activated carbons was investigated,and the process was divided into heat and mass transfer parts corresponding to emission and diffusion mechanisms, respectively. Physical adsorption played the main role during the adsorption process.     

石油化工装置开停工及检维修挥发性有机物排放的控制

对石油化工装置开停工及检维修过程中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放进行了系统分析,对典型设备——储罐在清洗过程中的VOCs排放量进行了核算。介绍了国内外石油化工装置开停工及检维修过程中VOCs排放的现状及控制措施,针对国内的实际情况,提出了现阶段有效的控制措施。阐述了移动式VOCs控制技术及在石油化工装置开停工及检维修过程中的应用前景。     

石墨烯负载铁锰氧化物活化过一硫酸盐降解金橙G

利用水热法制备了rG-MnFe_2O_4活化剂,通过TEM、XRD、FT-IR、Raman等手段对活化剂进行了系统表征,通过其对偶氮染料OG的降解实验评价了rG-MnFe_2O_4活化PMS的效果,同时考察了PMS浓度、rG-MnFe_2O_4投加量、初始pH、Cl~-浓度对OG降解效果的影响.结果表明,当rG-MnFe_2O_4投加量为0.3 g·L-1,n(PMS)∶n(OG)=40∶1时,rG-MnFe_2O_4活化PMS的效果显著,反应27 min时,OG降解率为100%,并且随PMS浓度、rG-MnFe_2O_4投加量的提高,OG降解效率明显增加.初始pH对OG降解有较大影响,pH=5.00时效果最好.Cl~-对活化降解OG具有促进作用,Cl-浓度越高,OG降解得越快.r G-MnFe_2O_4在重复使用5次时仍具有较好活化性能.通过紫外可见光谱和气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)对OG降解过程进行分析,表明OG分子中的萘环结构和偶氮键均被破坏,并检测出主要降解产物有对硝基苯酚和邻苯二甲酸;且rG-MnFe_2O_4/PMS降解体系对染料OG具有一定的矿化率.     

成都市典型溶剂源使用行业VOCs排放成分特征

对成都市5类典型溶剂使用行业挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行采样监测,测定了其主要组成成分,得出了各行业的VOCs本地化排放系数.结果表明:芳香烃和含氧VOCs是主要成分,不同行业的特征VOCs组分各有不同;大气化学反应活性较大的物种大部分为芳香烃,其中对/间二甲苯的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)值约为141.88 mg·m~(-3),甲苯的OFP值约为90.90 mg·m~(-3),二者占总OFP的53%;家具制造行业的VOCs排放系数为0.61 kg·件~(-1),汽车喷涂行业VOCs排放系数为3.1 kg·辆~(-1),制鞋行业VOCs排放系数为4.04 g·双~(-1),印刷行业VOCs排放系数为34.7g·kg~(-1)油墨,人造板生产行业VOCs排放系数为3.67 g·m~(-3)人造板.     

悬浮填料对厌氧氨氧化MBR运行的影响特性及机理

向厌氧氨氧化（anammox）膜生物反应器（MBR）投加悬浮填料,考察其对反应器脱氮性能和膜污染的影响特性,并探究了相关机理.试验结果表明,投加填料后,反应器脱氮性能良好.当进水氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）160mg/L、亚硝态氮（NO₂^--N）180mg/L时,出水NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N均在15mg/L以下,硝态氮（NO₃^--N）在30mg/L以下,总氮去除率可达90%.投加填料显著减轻了膜污染,跨膜压差（TMP）稳定在8kPa左右.混合液中溶解性微生物产物（SMP）和胞外聚合物（EPS）成分分析结果表明,在第67~149d,蛋白质总量、多糖总量和总有机碳总量分别下降了49%、43%和61%,它们浓度的下降有利于延缓膜污染;此外,悬浮填料对膜组件的机械碰撞也起到了物理清洗作用.高通量测序结果显示,悬浮填料生物膜在anammox菌相对丰度方面显著高于混合液污泥,说明anammox菌更适宜于附着生长,投加填料可以为其提供更加稳定的生长环境.     

闽中某矿区县茶园土壤和茶叶重金属含量及健康风险

以闽中某矿区县茶园表层土壤（0~20cm）为研究对象,采集了25份茶园土壤样品,分析了土壤中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Cd和Co的含量,分别利用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对土壤重金属的污染现状和潜在生态风险程度进行评价;同时收集矿区茶叶企业23个商品茶样品,利用美国国家环保署（USEPA）推荐的健康风险评价模型进行人体重金属健康风险评价.结果表明：（1）矿区茶园表层土壤Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Cd和Co平均含量分别为110、23.5、23.0、107、50.7、78.0、0.23和14.3mg/kg,均明显高于福建省土壤背景值;（2）茶园土壤地累积指数（I_geo）表现为As > Cd > Cr > Pb > Zn > Co > Ni > Cu,As属于重度污染,Cd和Cr属于中度污染,其它5种重金属元素污染风险较低;（3）单项潜在生态风险系数（E）的大小顺序依次为Cd > As > Pb > Co > Ni > Cr > Cu > Zn,土壤Cd属于很强生态风险,土壤As属于较强生态风险,其余属于轻微生态风险.8种重金属综合潜在生态风险指数（RI）平均值为255.74,属于较强风险级别,Cd和As是最主要的潜在生态风险因子.（4）商品茶中重金属Cr和Cd含量均低于限量标准,个别茶样中Cu、As和Pb含量超标,说明茶叶中重金属含量总体处于安全级别;（5）健康风险评价结果表明,茶叶中重金属元素健康个人年风险总和为1.01×10^-4~9.07×10^-5,乌龙茶的个人年风险总和稍高于美国环境保护署（USEPA）推荐的最大可接受风险水平（1.0×10^-4）,红茶和绿茶低于USEPA推荐的最大可接受风险水平;茶叶中重金属元素健康风险以Cr为主,平均贡献率为90.38%,是主要的风险元素,其余重金属元素处于安全范围之内.     

改性膨润土和沉水植物联合作用处理沉积物磷

首次将改性膨润土（modified bentonite,MB）作为原位吸附材料与沉水植物苦草（Vallisneria spiralis,V.spiralis）联合处理沉积物磷.研究结果表明,MB可以促进沉水植物V.spiralis的生长, V.spiralis可能通过根系分泌作用促进溶磷或是通过促进根际微生物群落的P代谢活性增加沉积物中的生物可利用性P含量.MB与沉水植物V.spiralis对沉积物P的联合作用效果优于MB和沉水植物V.spiralis单独作用之和.厚度5cm MB和V.spiralis联合作用对沉积物TP,IP,OP,Fe/Al-P和Ca-P的去除率可达59.8%,57.1%,67.8%,66.7%和44.7%.微生物试验结果表明,厚壁菌门Erysipelotrichaceae科的菌属PSB-M-3是联合组相比单一V.spiralis组或单一MB组微生物群落P代谢功能增强的主要贡献者.本研究还首次发现了Erysipelotrichaceae科微生物可作为沉积物中潜在的除磷菌.研究结果表明MB和沉水植物联合控制沉积物磷技术可进一步应用到富营养化湖泊沉积物控制工程.