抗生素抗性基因在典型行业和市政污水中的污染特征及消减研究进展

抗生素在养殖、制药及医疗卫生行业中的广泛使用导致环境中的抗性细菌(Antibiotic resistance bacteria,ARB)及抗性基因(Antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)浓度日益增加,甚至已经威胁到人体健康.本文在总结大量文献的基础上,阐述了ARB和ARGs在抗生素典型行业(包括养殖业、制药业和医疗卫生业)和市政污水中的污染特征,重点介绍了污水处理系统(Wastewater treatment plants,WWTPs)不同处理工艺对抗性细菌和抗性基因消长的影响及机制,最后针对污水处理系统中抗性基因的消减提出了新的见解,并对今后研究方向进行了展望.     

Comparative study on the efficiency and environmental impact of two methods of utilizing polyvinyl chloride waste based on life cycle assessments

Two processes of utilizing polyvinyl chloride （PVC） waste, an incineration process and a vacuum pyrolysis process, for energy conversion were compared to determine their efficiency and environmental perfor- mance. We carried out a life cycle assessment with each of the two processes to evaluate their environmental impact and defined the goals and limits of our remit. As well, we established an inventory of PVC waste from incineration and vacuum pyrolysis based on process analysis, data collection and calculations. The results show that electrical power output per unit mass of PVC waste in the incineration process was twice as high as that of the vacuum pyrolysis process. Incineration had a larger total environmental impact potential than vacuum pyrolysis. The total environmental impact potential of PVC waste from incineration was three times higher than that from vacuum pyrolysis. Incineration of PVC disposed 300 ng. 100 kgI of dioxins and vacuum pyrolysis 98.19 ng- 100 kgI of dioxins. As well, we analyzed the data for their uncertainty with results quantified in terms of three uncertainties： basic uncertainty, additional uncertainty, and computational uncertainty. The coefficients of variation of the data were less than 25% and the quality of the inventory data was acceptable with low uncertainty. Both PVC waste disposal processes were of similar quality and their results comparable. The results of our life cycle impact assessment （LCIA） showed considerable reliability of our methodology. Overall, the vacuum pyrolysis process has a number advantages and greater potential for development of PVC disposal than the incineration process.     

矿产资源规划环境影响评估方法及实例研究

矿产资源规划环境影响评价有利于矿产资源的可持续利用和矿区的环境保护,随着全国性矿产资源规划、地区性矿产资源规划的制定和实施,探讨适合于矿产资源规划环境影响评价的方法体系显得相当重要.本文从矿产资源的特点出发,结合实例研究,构建了由可持续目标和环境目标设立法、专家评判法、矩阵法、强度分析法和GIS技术方法等组成的矿产资源规划环境影响评价方法体系,定量地评价了矿区环境的现状和规划引起的环境变化,为我国矿产资源规划环境影响评估提供借鉴.     

英国本费尔德灾害研究中心

英国本费尔德灾害研究中心位于伦敦大学学院内,是欧洲多学科灾害重点研究中心之一。该中心有40多名研究和从业人员,主要任务是推进自然灾害和危险性评估方法的改进,并通过快速应用新的研究和实践结果,降低自然灾难的发生。同时,该机构也承担着将学术领域内重要的自然灾害和危险性研究成果、实践经验和发明推向企业、政府和国际社会的职责,     

Anammox-HAP颗粒污泥型膨胀床反应器的氮磷同步去除能力及污泥特性

为实现集成、高效的氮磷处理,提高厌氧氨氧化工艺的运行稳定性及功能集成性,搭建了一种新型的anammox-HAP颗粒污泥型膨胀床反应器.设置了 3个不同温度条件下的反应器,通过控制进入反应器中的钙、磷元素,以及调控反应器pH,探究了膨胀床反应器对氮、磷的同步去除能力,并对污泥特性进行了分析.结果表明:anammox-HA...     

典型电解锌冶炼废渣重金属形态及环境效应研究

电解锌冶炼废渣收集、转移、贮存与利用处置过程的环境管理是困扰铅锌冶炼行业的瓶颈问题之一.对典型电解锌冶炼各工艺段废渣及原矿中的重金属组成与赋存形态进行了研究,并在此基础上研究了废渣的环境效应和生物有效性.结果表明,典型电解锌冶炼原矿中存在高含量的Zn、Pb等重金属元素,各工艺段废渣中Zn、Pb、Cd和M n等元素含量较...     

污染土壤修复中心的发展现状及方向展望

污染土壤修复中心作为区域综合处置中心,具有修复周期短、便于多技术联合应用以及降低修复成本等优势.土壤修复中心模式在国外已有成熟应用,但在我国仍处于探索阶段.本文介绍了我国土壤修复行业的发展现状及趋势,梳理了国内外土壤修复中心的建设案例,分析了国内土壤修复中心发展的适应性、经济性和可持续性,并从政策、市场、技术和公众4个...     

硅藻土地区桥梁灌注桩成孔测试研究∗

硅藻土作为一种特殊的黏性土,在分布上具有一定的区域性,目前针对该类型土的工程特性以及硅藻土地区灌注桩成孔方法的研究都较少。以杭绍台高铁项目为工程依托,为了研究硅藻土层中灌注桩的成孔方法,开展了灌注桩成孔方法现场试验;分别采用冲击锤锤击成孔、旋挖干钻成孔和旋挖泥浆护壁成孔三种方法进行施工,对三种方法的成孔质量进行分析对比。研究结果表明:在硅藻土地区施工灌注桩,旋挖干钻成孔工艺施工速度较快,效率高,桩长、桩径、桩位偏差和垂直度均能满足设计要求,成孔后孔壁稳定性好,成孔质量更为可靠;冲击锤法成孔,成孔速度较慢,且存在桩孔扩径现象;旋挖泥浆护壁法成孔后平稳性较差,波动性较大,且存在局部塌孔现象,成孔效果较差。因此建议硅藻土地段优先考虑采用旋挖干钻法施工桥梁灌注桩。     

Effect of acute whole-body proton irradiation on hematological and intestinal variables in mice

Female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to a single dose of protons or ⁶⁰Co gamma rays at 20 mGy and 2 Gy, which represent the recommended limit for annual occupational exposure and the daily fractional dose for patients undergoing radiotherapy, respectively. A control group was not exposed to radiation. The number of peripheral blood, bone marrow, and spleen cells was assessed 24 h after radiation to investigate the marrow suppression. The number of lymphocytes and neutrophils in peripheral blood was significantly lower in mice exposed to the higher dose of radiation than in the nonirradiated mice. However, at a low dose of radiation, there were no discernable hematological effects. The frequency of micronuclei in bone marrow cells was increased only after the high dose of gamma radiation. Radiation-induced intestinal apoptosis was measured using terminal deoxynucleotide transferase labeling assay. The magnitude of damage was greater after gamma irradiation than after proton irradiation at the same dose. Among the systemic biological end point to predict whole body radiation effect, the apoptosis of intestinal crypts may be the most sensitive parameter to provide information even at low dose of radiation.     

典型电子废物焚烧区水生生物多溴联苯醚累积特征

对广东清远某电子废物焚烧区封闭水体中水生生物体PBDEs(多溴联苯醚)的累积特征进行了研究. 结果表明,草虾、田螺、河蚌、鲫鱼、鲤鱼、黄鳝和乌鳢等水生生物体内w(∑₂₁PBDEs)(以脂肪质量计)为0.2487~24.50μg/g. 该电子废物焚烧区水生生物PBDEs污染较严重,较我国其他地区开放性水体的水生生物体w(PBDEs)高出1~3个数量级. 其中,底栖动物河蚌和田螺体内PBDEs累积最高,w(∑₂₁PBDEs)分别为11.38和4.968μg/g. 不同同系物在水生生物体内累积差异较大,BDE209是水生生物体PBDEs累积的主要组分,占49.83%~91.48%,八溴代和九溴代BDE也发生了高累积. 营养级是电子废物焚烧区水生生物PBDEs累积的最主要控制因素,但捕食和生活习性对生物体尤其是软体动物PBDEs累积也产生了较大影响.